Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

Name 3 properties of chyme

Answer 1

Low pH, hypertonic and partially digested

Question 2

What does Brunners glands do?

Answer 2

Secrete alkaline substance to protect cells lining the duodenum from acidic chyme

Question 3

What happens to chyme in the duodenum?

Answer 3

Hypertonic chyme draws in water making it isotonic as it leaves the duodenum

Question 4

What 2 hormones are released from the duodenum and what do they do?

Answer 4

Secretin = acts on pancreas to release aqueous bicarbonate
CCK = acts on pancreas to release enzymes and on the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of oddi

Question 5

What proportion of the pancreas function is exocrine?

Answer 5

90%

Question 6

Where are enzymes stored in the pancreas?

Answer 6

Granules in the acinar cells

Question 7

Where is bicarbonate produced in the pancreas?

Answer 7

Duct cells

Question 8

What type of enzyme is produced in the pancreas in inactive form?

Answer 8

Proteases (trypsin, elastase etc-)

Question 9

Which 2 ducts form the ampulla of vater?

Answer 9

Pancreatic duct and common bile duct

Question 10

How much bile is secreted per day?

Answer 10

250ml-1000ml

Question 11

What is bile made up of?

Answer 11

Bile acid, pigments and alkaline solution

Question 12

What is in the portal triad?

Answer 12

Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Question 13

What is the functional area of a liver lobule called?

Answer 13

Acinus

Question 14

What is the clinical importance of zones in a liver acinus ?

Answer 14

The zone can indicate the reason for liver damage. Zone 3 closest to the central vein can show ischaemia while zone 1 on the peripheral side of the lobule can show toxicity

Question 15

What are bile salts made of and why?

Answer 15

Bile acids conjugated with amino acids, this is more soluble than acids alone in the duodenum.

Question 16

What is the role of bile salts in lipid digestion?

Answer 16

Bile salts breakdown fats into smaller units then surround them forming micelles to move the fat towards enterocytes.

Question 17

What happens to the bile salts when the lipids have diffused across the epithelia?

Answer 17

Bile salts are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver in portal blood

Question 18

What happens to lipids that diffuse into enterocytes?

Answer 18

They are repackaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system

Question 19

What is steatorrhea?

Answer 19

Undigested fats that appear in the faeces