pain management yoost Flashcards
what is pain thershold
lowest intensity at which the brain recognizes the stimulus as pain
bradykinin Definition and Function
A peptide produced in the blood that mediates the inflammatory response and stimulates pain receptors
substance p Definition and Function
Neuropeptide that transports pain impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system
Histamine Definition and Function
An amine released by immune cells in response to inflammation
Serotonin Definition and Function
A neurotransmitter released from the brainstem and dorsal horn that inhibits pain transmission
Cytokines Definition and Function
Proteins secreted by immune system cells that control inflammation
Calcium, sodium, and potassium ions Definition and Function
Molecules that activate nerve endings (synapses), which respond to painful stimuli by changing ionic movement into and out of nerve cells
ProstaglandinsDefinition and Function
Hormone-like compounds derived from fatty acids that are thought to increase sensitivity to pain by stimulating pain receptors on neurons
Physical assessment of the patient with pain begins with
vital sign assessment
Clinical Manifestations of Cardiovascular system
Increased heart rate and force of contraction in acute pain
Increased systolic blood pressure in acute pain
Decreased systolic blood pressure in prolonged pain or chronic pain
Decreased pulse in prolonged pain or chronic pain
Increased myocardial oxygen demand
Increased vascular resistance
Hypercoagulation
Chest pain
Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory
Increased respiratory rate
Increased bronchospasms
Pneumonia
Atelectasis
Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal system
Delayed gastric emptying
Decreased intestinal motility
Constipation
Anorexia
Weight loss
Clinical Manifestations of Musculoskeletal
Muscle spasms
Increased muscle tension
Impaired mobility
Weakness
Fatigue
Clinical Manifestations of Endocrine system
Fever
Shock
Clinical Manifestations of Genitourinary system
Decreased urine output
Urinary retention
Fluid overload
Hypokalemia
Clinical Manifestations of Sensory system
Pallor
Diaphoresis
Dilated pupils in acute pain
Constricted pupils in deep or prolonged pain
Rapid speech in acute pain
Slow speech in deep or prolonged pain
Clinical Manifestations of immune system
Impaired immune function
Infection
nursing diagnoses directly associated with pain include: Acute Pain
Supporting Data: Red and edematous areas on face, chest, arms, and hands from burned skin, reports pain of 10 of 10, requests pain medication
nursing diagnoses directly associated with pain include:Chronic Pain
Supporting Data: Edema of joints, painful mobility, inability to manage activities of daily living, feelings of helplessness
nursing diagnoses directly associated with pain include: Difficulty Coping
Supporting Data: Severe pain, inability to ask for help, lack of appetite, poor concentration
Complementary and Alternative Pain Therapies
Herbal remedies
Yoga
Biofeedback
Meditation
Aromatherapy
Hypnosis
Reiki and therapeutic touch
Traditional Chinese medicine
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Cupping
Biofeedback is
Taking control of body responses to pain is achieved through voluntary control over physiologic body activities, such as relieving muscle tension
Aromatherapy is
Breathing the fragrance of essential oils that contain oxygenating molecules can help transport nutrients to the cells in the body
Reiki and therapeutic touch is
Hand placement to correct or balance energy fields restores health by restoring communication between cells, thereby diminishing pain
Acupuncture is
The insertion of fine needles into the skin at various depths causes secretion of endorphins and interferes with transmission of pain impulses.
Acupressure is
The application of pressure at acupuncture sites interferes with transmission of pain impulses
Cupping is
The application of plastic or glass cups with suction over muscle areas increases local circulation and promotes muscle relaxation and pain reduction
Cryotherapy is
Application of cold
Thermotherapy is
Application of heat decreases pain by producing local analgesia, dilating blood vessels, and improving functioning. Examples of heat therapy are hot compresses, heating pads, and sitz baths.
Cordotomy is
Surgical procedure in which pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord are disabled to diminish severe pain and cancer pain
Neurectomy is
Surgical removal of a nerve or a section of nerves to treat chronic pain when other treatments fail.
Rhizotomy is
Surgery to sever nerve roots in the spinal cord for neuromuscular conditions such as spastic cerebral palsy and back pain.
Sympathectomy is
Surgical dissection of nerve tissue of the sympathetic nervous system in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine to disrupt signals to the brain
Adjuvant medications, coanalgesic medications
work synergistically with standard pain medications to enhance pain relief and to treat side effects of the medication
Palliative Care is same as
hospice care
which herb has pain-relieving properties
select all that apply
senna
ginger
rosehips
aloe vera
black cohosh
ginger
rosehips
aloe vera
black cohosh
in acute pain, the patient’s heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure ________ due to a response by the_____ nervous system
in acute pain, the patient’s heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increase above the patient’s normal baseline due to a response by the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system responds with a ________in the systolic blood pressure and a________ in the pulse rate
decrease, decrease
naloxone is used for
drug overdose
nonopioid pain medication include
acetaminophen and ibuprofen and aspirin
acetaminophen max daily dosage
3000mg
