Pain Flashcards
Acute Pain
a physiological mechanism that protects an individual from harmful stimulus (short duration, limited damage)
Nociceptor
sensory, peripheral pain nerve fiber
Prostoglandins
a pain-sensitizing substance that surrounds pain fibers in extracellular fluid, spreading pain message & causing inflammatory response
Endorphins
inhibitory neurotransmitters that decrease neuron activity without directly transferring a nerve signal through a synapse
Chronic Pain
“persistent non-cancer pain” not protective, prolonged pain varied in intensity & usually lasting longer (> 6 months), doesn’t always have identifiable cause, leads to great personal suffering
Cancer Pain
caused by tumor progression & related to pathological response processes, invasive procedures, treatment, toxicity, infection & physical limitations
Referred Pain
pain occuring distant to the actual pain site
Patient-Controlled Analgesic
drug delivery system that allows patients to self-administer analgesic meds when they want
Cutaneous Stimulation
stimulation of patient skin to prevent or reduce pain perception
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
technique in which a battery powered device blocks pain impulses from reaching the spinal cord by delivering weak electrical impulses to the skin surface
Relaxation
mental & physical freedom from tension & stress that provides individuals with a sense of self-control
Guided Imagery
method of pain control in which the patient creates a mental image, concentrates on that image & gradually becomes less aware of pain
Analgesics
drugs that relieve pain
Opioids
drug derived from the opium poppy or produced synthetically that alters perception of pain & with repeated use, may cause physical/psychological dependence
Local Anesthesia
medication that causes loss of sensation to a localized body part
Epidural Infusion
regional anesthesia administered into the epidural space int he spinal cord to block a group of sensory nerve fibers (through a catheter)
Somatic Pain
pain that originates from skin, muscle, bone, or tissue
Visceral Pain
pain that originates from viscera or hollow organs
Neuropathic Pain
pain that originates from nerve damage
Phantom Pain
pain that is perceived from a missing limb
Pain Threshold
the least amount of stimulation that a person requires to perceive pain
Pain Tolerance
maximum amount & duration of pain that person is willing to endure
Hyperalgesia
heightened, severe response to pain
Placebo
inactive substance or treatment given instead of one that has a proven effect
Pseudoaddiction
drug-seeking behavior that simulates true addiction in patients with pain who are receiving inadequate pain medication
Properties of Pain
subjective highly individualized protective difficult to assess cannot see has limits can delay healing not equal to amount of damage can have without trauma
Four Phases of Physiological Process of Pain
Transduction Transmission Perception Modulation
Transduction
process converting energy produced by pain stimuli into electrical energy
Transmission
process in which cellular damage from injury results in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters
Perception
process in which the brain & CNS extracts information about pain such as location, duration & quality
Modulation
process in which the brain releases inhibitory neurotransmitters to hinder the transmission of pain & help produce an analgesic effect
Gate Control Theory of Pain
special cells in dorsal horn regulate pain transmission control the gate the gate can be opened or closed (allow or block pain impulses)
Nursing Diagnoses Applicable for Pain
Risk for Caregiver Role Strain Ineffective Coping Fatigue Impaired Physical Motility Acute Pain Chronic Pain Bathing Self-Care Deficit Dressing Self-Care Deficit Risk for Situation Low Self-Esteem Social Isolation
Large A Nerve Fibers
nerve fibers that when stimulated, close the impulse gate resulting in no pain
Small C Nerve Fibers
nerve fibers that when stimulated, open the impulse gate resulting in pain
Factors Influencing Pain Experience
Age Fatigue Neurological Function Gender Attention Previous experience Family Support Spirituality Culture Anxiety Depression Coping Style
Idiopathic Pain
chronic pain without identifiable cause
Components of Pain Assessment
“PQRSTU” Palliative or Provocative Factors- what makes pain worse? Quality- describe the pain? Relief measures- what do you take at home? Region- show me where it hurts? Severity- scale of 1-10? Timing- constant, intermittent or both? Ur effect- what does the pain inhibit?
Breakthrough Pain
transient episodes of pain that occur in patients with chronic pain that has been previously reduced to tolerable levels
Nursing Principles for Administering Analgesics
Know patient’s previous response to alagesics Select proper medications when more than one is ordered Know accurate dose Assess right time interval for administration Choose right route
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
prostoglandins histamine bradykinin substance P
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
endorphins endogenous opioids serotonin norepinephrine GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Clinical Approach to Pain Assessment
“ABCDE” Ask about pain regularly…Assess pain systematically Believe patient & their family Choose pain control options Deliver interventions logically Empower patients & families…Enable them to control their course
Palliative Care
care of a patient that offers treatments to help patients live, perhaps years, with a variety of incurable conditions including pain
Hospice Care
care for the terminally ill allowing patients to continue to live at home in comfort & privacy with help of a healthcare team
Reversed
a physiological mechanism that protects an individual from harmful stimulus (short duration, limited damage)
Acute Pain
Reversed
sensory, peripheral pain nerve fiber
Nociceptor
Reversed
a pain-sensitizing substance that surrounds pain fibers in extracellular fluid, spreading pain message & causing inflammatory response
Prostoglandins
Reversed
inhibitory neurotransmitters that decrease neuron activity without directly transferring a nerve signal through a synapse
Endorphins
Reversed
“persistent non-cancer pain” not protective, prolonged pain varied in intensity & usually lasting longer (> 6 months), doesn’t always have identifiable cause, leads to great personal suffering
Chronic Pain
Reversed
caused by tumor progression & related to pathological response processes, invasive procedures, treatment, toxicity, infection & physical limitations
Cancer Pain
Reversed
pain occuring distant to the actual pain site
Referred Pain
Reversed
drug delivery system that allows patients to self-administer analgesic meds when they want
Patient-Controlled Analgesic
Reversed
stimulation of patient skin to prevent or reduce pain perception
Cutaneous Stimulation
Reversed
technique in which a battery powered device blocks pain impulses from reaching the spinal cord by delivering weak electrical impulses to the skin surface
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Reversed
mental & physical freedom from tension & stress that provides individuals with a sense of self-control
Relaxation
Reversed
method of pain control in which the patient creates a mental image, concentrates on that image & gradually becomes less aware of pain
Guided Imagery
Reversed
drugs that relieve pain
Analgesics
Reversed
drug derived from the opium poppy or produced synthetically that alters perception of pain & with repeated use, may cause physical/psychological dependence
Opioids
Reversed
medication that causes loss of sensation to a localized body part
Local Anesthesia
Reversed
regional anesthesia administered into the epidural space int he spinal cord to block a group of sensory nerve fibers (through a catheter)
Epidural Infusion
Reversed
pain that originates from skin, muscle, bone, or tissue
Somatic Pain
Reversed
pain that originates from viscera or hollow organs
Visceral Pain
Reversed
pain that originates from nerve damage
Neuropathic Pain
Reversed
pain that is perceived from a missing limb
Phantom Pain
Reversed
the least amount of stimulation that a person requires to perceive pain
Pain Threshold
Reversed
maximum amount & duration of pain that person is willing to endure
Pain Tolerance
Reversed
heightened, severe response to pain
Hyperalgesia
Reversed
inactive substance or treatment given instead of one that has a proven effect
Placebo
Reversed
drug-seeking behavior that simulates true addiction in patients with pain who are receiving inadequate pain medication
Pseudoaddiction
Reversed
subjective highly individualized protective difficult to assess cannot see has limits can delay healing not equal to amount of damage can have without trauma
Properties of Pain
Reversed
Transduction Transmission Perception Modulation
Four Phases of Physiological Process of Pain
Reversed
process converting energy produced by pain stimuli into electrical energy
Transduction
Reversed
process in which cellular damage from injury results in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters
Transmission
Reversed
process in which the brain & CNS extracts information about pain such as location, duration & quality
Perception
Reversed
process in which the brain releases inhibitory neurotransmitters to hinder the transmission of pain & help produce an analgesic effect
Modulation
Reversed
special cells in dorsal horn regulate pain transmission control the gate the gate can be opened or closed (allow or block pain impulses)
Gate Control Theory of Pain
Reversed
Risk for Caregiver Role Strain Ineffective Coping Fatigue Impaired Physical Motility Acute Pain Chronic Pain Bathing Self-Care Deficit Dressing Self-Care Deficit Risk for Situation Low Self-Esteem Social Isolation
Nursing Diagnoses Applicable for Pain
Reversed
nerve fibers that when stimulated, close the impulse gate resulting in no pain
Large A Nerve Fibers
Reversed
nerve fibers that when stimulated, open the impulse gate resulting in pain
Small C Nerve Fibers
Reversed
Age Fatigue Neurological Function Gender Attention Previous experience Family Support Spirituality Culture Anxiety Depression Coping Style
Factors Influencing Pain Experience
Reversed
chronic pain without identifiable cause
Idiopathic Pain
Reversed
“PQRSTU” Palliative or Provocative Factors- what makes pain worse? Quality- describe the pain? Relief measures- what do you take at home? Region- show me where it hurts? Severity- scale of 1-10? Timing- constant, intermittent or both? Ur effect- what does the pain inhibit?
Components of Pain Assessment
Reversed
transient episodes of pain that occur in patients with chronic pain that has been previously reduced to tolerable levels
Breakthrough Pain
Reversed
Know patient’s previous response to alagesics Select proper medications when more than one is ordered Know accurate dose Assess right time interval for administration Choose right route
Nursing Principles for Administering Analgesics
Reversed
prostoglandins histamine bradykinin substance P
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Reversed
endorphins endogenous opioids serotonin norepinephrine GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Reversed
“ABCDE” Ask about pain regularly…Assess pain systematically Believe patient & their family Choose pain control options Deliver interventions logically Empower patients & families…Enable them to control their course
Clinical Approach to Pain Assessment
Reversed
care of a patient that offers treatments to help patients live, perhaps years, with a variety of incurable conditions including pain
Palliative Care
Reversed
care for the terminally ill allowing patients to continue to live at home in comfort & privacy with help of a healthcare team
Hospice Care