Mobility/Activity Flashcards
normal state of balances muscle tension
Muscle Tone
midpoint or center of the weight of a body
Center of Gravity
means maintaining optimal body position
Posture
the effect of rubbing or resistance that a moving body meets from the surface on which it moves
Friction
articulation or connection between bones
Joint
movement by certain joints that increases the angle between two adjoining bones
Extension
the awareness of the position of the body and its parts…dependent on impulses from the inner ear and receptors in joints & ligaments
Proprioception
coordinated efforts of the muscoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment
Body Mechanics
range of movement of a joint, from maximum extension to maximum flexion, as measured in degrees of a circle
Range of Motion (ROM)
type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform without undue exertion of injury
Activity Tolerance
position in which a patient rests on the back with a flat pillow supporting the head, neck & upper shoulders
Supine Position
rolled towel support placed against the hips and upper leg to prevent external rotation of the legs
Trochanter Rolls
soft, foot-shaped devices designed to reduce the risk of footdrop by maintaining the foot in dorsiflexion
Foot Boots
an abnormal neuromuscular condition of the lower leg & foot, characterized by an inability to dorsiflex, or evert, the foot
Footdrop
flexion toward the back
Dorsiflexion
toe-down motion of the foot at the ankle
Plantar Flexion
position of maximal extension of a joint
Hyperextension
position in which the patient is semi-prone on the right or left side with the opposite arm, thigh & knee flexed & resting on the bed
Sims’ Position
position in which the patient’s head of the bed is at a 30-45 degree angle
Semi-Fowler’s Position
position in which the patient’s head of the bed is at a 60 to 90 degree angle
Fowler’s or High-Fowler’s Position
a drop in BP of 20 mm Hg or more systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic when rising from a sitting to standing position
Orthostatic Hypotension
ROM exercises in which the patient is able to move his/her own joints
Active Range-of-Motion (ROM) Exercises
ROM exercises in which you (healthcare professional) moves the patient’s joints for them
Passive Range-of-Motion (PROM) Exercises
manner or style of walking including rythm, cadence & speed
Gait
lateral movement of a limb or digit away from the median plane of the body
Abduction
lateral movement of a limb or digit toward the median plane of the body
Adduction
activities of daily living
ADL’s
taking place in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic
exercise during which oxygen is metabolized to produce energy…required fro sustained periods of physical exertion & vigorous athletic activity
Aerobic Exercise
the act of arranging in a straight line
Alignment
to walk or move about freely
Ambulation
the building up of body tissues
Anabolism
high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting or weight lifting, that places more demand on muscles than oxygen delivery can match
Anaerobic Exercise
loss of appetite
Anorexia
a decrease in size of an organ or tissue; wasting
Atrophy
the energy needs of a person at rest after awakening
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
a device for propping up patients in bed…the confining of a patient to bed for rest
Bedrest
movement around an axis such that the proximal end of a limb is fixed and the distal end traces a circle
Circumduction
fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or a joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
Contracture
a clicking or crackling sound often heard in movement of joints, such as temporomandibular, elbowor patellofemoral joints, due to roughness & irregularities in articulating surfaces
Crepitation
a state in which an individual is at risk for deterioration of body systems as the result of prescribed or unavoidable muscoskeletal inactivity
Disuse Syndrome
lying on the back with the face upward; supine
Dorsal Position
deep vein thrombosis
DVT
sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris
Embolism
turning outward
Eversion
contraction & relaxation of a skeletal muscle or group of muscles in which the force generated by the muscle is equal to the resistance
Isometric Exercise
an active muscle contraction in which the force exerted remains constant & muscle length changes
Isotonic Exercise
relaxed, flabby or having defective or absent muscle tone
Flaccid
the act of bending or condition of being bent in contract to extension…decrease in the angle between the bones forming a joint
Flexion
an increase in the size of an organ, structure or the body due to growth rather than tumor formation
Hypertrophy
turning inside out or upside down…bending the foot in at the ankle so that the sole is facing toward the inside of the leg
Inversion
muscle contraction without associated joint movement
Isometric
lying on the side of the body
Lateral Position
loss of bone mass throughout the skeleton, predisposing patients to fractures
Osteoporosis
partial or incomplete paralysis
Paresis
the act of lying prone or face downward…the act of turning the hand so that the palm faces downward or backward
Pronation
position in which the patient is horizontal with the face downward
Prone Position
exercise in which a muscle contraction is opposed by force to increase strength or endurance
Resistance Exercise
process of turning on an axis
Rotation
the turning of the palm or the hand anteriorly or the foot inward and upward…the act of lying flat upon the back
Supination
inflammation of a vein in conjuction with the formation of a thrombus (usually occurs in extremities, most commonly the leg)
Thrombophlebitis
a blood clot that adheres to the wall of a blood vessel or organ possibly preventing the flow of blood
Thrombus
position in which the entire bed is tilted with head of bed down…used for postural drainage; facilitates venous return in patients with poor peripheral venous perfusion
Trendelenburg’s Position
intermittent or complete absence of ability to control loss of urine from the bladder
Urinary Incontinence
a return or backward flow of urine
Urinary Reflux
the persistent keeping within the body of urine
Urinary Retention
stoppage of the normal flow of urine
Urinary Stasis
attempt to forcibly exhale with the glottis, nose & mouth closed
Valsalva Maneuver
on a body, the foundation over which you balance a center of gravity
Base of Support
a lateral side lying position with all but one pillow used for assessment to provide baseline data concerning a patient’s body alignment
Recumbent Position
a technique used when preparing a patient for ambulation in which he/she sits on the side of the bed with the legs dangling off the side for 1 to 2 minutes before standing…helps to prevent postural hypotension
Dangling
turning outwardly or away from the midline of the body
External Rotation
turning inwardly or toward the midline of the body
Internal Rotation
occurs when the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body is greater than the amount of nitrogen ingested
Negative Nitrogen Balance
a body position that enables the position to breathe comfortably
Orthopneic Position
kidney stones
Renal Calculi
moderate to forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing the mouth & pinching the nose while pressing out as if trying to blow up a balloon
Valsalva Maneuver
Five Functions of Bones (Skeletal System) in Regulation of Movement
(1) support (2) protection (3) movement (4) mineral storage (5) hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Function of Skeletal Muscle in Regulation of Movement
(1) facilitate movement (2) determine body form & contour
Function of the Nervous System in Regulation of Movement
regulate movement & posture
Pathological Influences on Body Alignment, Exercise & Activity
congenital defects, disorders of bones/joints/muscles, CNS damage, musculoskeletal trauma
Assessment of Body Alignment in Standing Position
(1) head is erect (2) body parts symmetrical (3) spine is straight (4) abdomen tucked in (5) knees, hips & ankles in straight line (6) feet flat on floor & pointed forward
Assessment of Body Alignment in Sitting Position
(1) head is erect (2) neck & vertebral column in straight line (3) weight distributed on buttocks & thighs (4) thighs are parallel & in horizontal plane (5) feet supported on floor (6) forearms supported
Assessment of Body Alignment in Recumbent Position
vertebrae are in straight line
Nursing Diagnoses for Patients Experiencing Problems with Exercise/Activity
activity intolerance, risk for activity intolerance, disturbed body image, fatigue, risk for injury, impaired physical mobility, acute pain, chronic pain, impaired skin integrity, risk for impaired skin integrity, sedentary lifestyle, risk for disuse syndrome
Nursing Diagnoses for Prolonged Immobility
ineffective airway clearance, risk for infection, risk for injury, risk for disturbed sleep pattern, risk for situational low self-esteem, ineffective individual coping
Wandering Wilma’s Always Late
Walker With Affected Leg
C.O.A.L.
Cane Opposite Affected Leg
“Good goes to heaven, Bad goes to hell”
Good leg goes upstairs first, Bad leg goes downstairs first
Guidelines for Initiating an Exercise Program
(1) Assess fitness level (2) Design the program (3) Assemble equipment (4) Get started (5) Monitor progress
crutch gait that gives stability but requires weight bearing on both legs…each leg is moved alternately with each opposing crutch so that 3 points of support are on the floor at all times
Four-Point Crutch Gait
crutch gait that requires the patient to bear all weight on one foot…patient puts weight on both crutches then on unaffected leg then repeats
Three-Point Crutch Gait
crutch gait that requires at least partial weight bearing on both feet…patient moves the crutch at the same time as the opposite leg so the movements are similar to normal walking
Two-Point Crutch Gait
