Mobility/Activity Flashcards by Kristin Godsey

normal state of balances muscle tension

Muscle Tone

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midpoint or center of the weight of a body

Center of Gravity

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means maintaining optimal body position

Posture

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the effect of rubbing or resistance that a moving body meets from the surface on which it moves

Friction

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articulation or connection between bones

Joint

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movement by certain joints that increases the angle between two adjoining bones

Extension

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the awareness of the position of the body and its parts…dependent on impulses from the inner ear and receptors in joints & ligaments

Proprioception

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coordinated efforts of the muscoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment

Body Mechanics

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range of movement of a joint, from maximum extension to maximum flexion, as measured in degrees of a circle

Range of Motion (ROM)

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type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform without undue exertion of injury

Activity Tolerance

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position in which a patient rests on the back with a flat pillow supporting the head, neck & upper shoulders

Supine Position

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rolled towel support placed against the hips and upper leg to prevent external rotation of the legs

Trochanter Rolls

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soft, foot-shaped devices designed to reduce the risk of footdrop by maintaining the foot in dorsiflexion

Foot Boots

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an abnormal neuromuscular condition of the lower leg & foot, characterized by an inability to dorsiflex, or evert, the foot

Footdrop

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flexion toward the back

Dorsiflexion

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toe-down motion of the foot at the ankle

Plantar Flexion

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position of maximal extension of a joint

Hyperextension

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position in which the patient is semi-prone on the right or left side with the opposite arm, thigh & knee flexed & resting on the bed

Sims’ Position

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position in which the patient’s head of the bed is at a 30-45 degree angle

Semi-Fowler’s Position

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position in which the patient’s head of the bed is at a 60 to 90 degree angle

Fowler’s or High-Fowler’s Position

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a drop in BP of 20 mm Hg or more systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic when rising from a sitting to standing position

Orthostatic Hypotension

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ROM exercises in which the patient is able to move his/her own joints

Active Range-of-Motion (ROM) Exercises

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ROM exercises in which you (healthcare professional) moves the patient’s joints for them

Passive Range-of-Motion (PROM) Exercises

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manner or style of walking including rythm, cadence & speed

Gait

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lateral movement of a limb or digit away from the median plane of the body

Abduction

lateral movement of a limb or digit toward the median plane of the body

Adduction

activities of daily living

ADL's

taking place in the presence of oxygen

Aerobic

exercise during which oxygen is metabolized to produce energy...required fro sustained periods of physical exertion & vigorous athletic activity

Aerobic Exercise

the act of arranging in a straight line

Alignment

to walk or move about freely

Ambulation

the building up of body tissues

Anabolism

high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting or weight lifting, that places more demand on muscles than oxygen delivery can match

Anaerobic Exercise

loss of appetite

Anorexia

a decrease in size of an organ or tissue; wasting

Atrophy

the energy needs of a person at rest after awakening

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

a device for propping up patients in bed...the confining of a patient to bed for rest

Bedrest

movement around an axis such that the proximal end of a limb is fixed and the distal end traces a circle

Circumduction

fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or a joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

Contracture

a clicking or crackling sound often heard in movement of joints, such as temporomandibular, elbowor patellofemoral joints, due to roughness & irregularities in articulating surfaces

Crepitation

a state in which an individual is at risk for deterioration of body systems as the result of prescribed or unavoidable muscoskeletal inactivity

Disuse Syndrome

lying on the back with the face upward; supine

Dorsal Position

deep vein thrombosis

DVT

sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris

Embolism

turning outward

Eversion

contraction & relaxation of a skeletal muscle or group of muscles in which the force generated by the muscle is equal to the resistance

Isometric Exercise

an active muscle contraction in which the force exerted remains constant & muscle length changes

Isotonic Exercise

relaxed, flabby or having defective or absent muscle tone

Flaccid

the act of bending or condition of being bent in contract to extension...decrease in the angle between the bones forming a joint

Flexion

an increase in the size of an organ, structure or the body due to growth rather than tumor formation

Hypertrophy

turning inside out or upside down...bending the foot in at the ankle so that the sole is facing toward the inside of the leg

Inversion

muscle contraction without associated joint movement

Isometric

lying on the side of the body

Lateral Position

loss of bone mass throughout the skeleton, predisposing patients to fractures

Osteoporosis

partial or incomplete paralysis

Paresis

the act of lying prone or face downward...the act of turning the hand so that the palm faces downward or backward

Pronation

position in which the patient is horizontal with the face downward

Prone Position

exercise in which a muscle contraction is opposed by force to increase strength or endurance

Resistance Exercise

process of turning on an axis

Rotation

the turning of the palm or the hand anteriorly or the foot inward and upward...the act of lying flat upon the back

Supination

inflammation of a vein in conjuction with the formation of a thrombus (usually occurs in extremities, most commonly the leg)

Thrombophlebitis

a blood clot that adheres to the wall of a blood vessel or organ possibly preventing the flow of blood

Thrombus

position in which the entire bed is tilted with head of bed down...used for postural drainage; facilitates venous return in patients with poor peripheral venous perfusion

Trendelenburg's Position

intermittent or complete absence of ability to control loss of urine from the bladder

Urinary Incontinence

a return or backward flow of urine

Urinary Reflux

the persistent keeping within the body of urine

Urinary Retention

stoppage of the normal flow of urine

Urinary Stasis

attempt to forcibly exhale with the glottis, nose & mouth closed

Valsalva Maneuver

on a body, the foundation over which you balance a center of gravity

Base of Support

a lateral side lying position with all but one pillow used for assessment to provide baseline data concerning a patient's body alignment

Recumbent Position

a technique used when preparing a patient for ambulation in which he/she sits on the side of the bed with the legs dangling off the side for 1 to 2 minutes before standing...helps to prevent postural hypotension

Dangling

turning outwardly or away from the midline of the body

External Rotation

turning inwardly or toward the midline of the body

Internal Rotation

occurs when the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body is greater than the amount of nitrogen ingested

Negative Nitrogen Balance

a body position that enables the position to breathe comfortably

Orthopneic Position

kidney stones

Renal Calculi

moderate to forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing the mouth & pinching the nose while pressing out as if trying to blow up a balloon

Valsalva Maneuver

Five Functions of Bones (Skeletal System) in Regulation of Movement

(1) support (2) protection (3) movement (4) mineral storage (5) hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

Function of Skeletal Muscle in Regulation of Movement

(1) facilitate movement (2) determine body form & contour

Function of the Nervous System in Regulation of Movement

regulate movement & posture

Pathological Influences on Body Alignment, Exercise & Activity

congenital defects, disorders of bones/joints/muscles, CNS damage, musculoskeletal trauma

Assessment of Body Alignment in Standing Position

(1) head is erect (2) body parts symmetrical (3) spine is straight (4) abdomen tucked in (5) knees, hips & ankles in straight line (6) feet flat on floor & pointed forward

Assessment of Body Alignment in Sitting Position

(1) head is erect (2) neck & vertebral column in straight line (3) weight distributed on buttocks & thighs (4) thighs are parallel & in horizontal plane (5) feet supported on floor (6) forearms supported

Assessment of Body Alignment in Recumbent Position

vertebrae are in straight line

Nursing Diagnoses for Patients Experiencing Problems with Exercise/Activity

activity intolerance, risk for activity intolerance, disturbed body image, fatigue, risk for injury, impaired physical mobility, acute pain, chronic pain, impaired skin integrity, risk for impaired skin integrity, sedentary lifestyle, risk for disuse syndrome

Nursing Diagnoses for Prolonged Immobility

ineffective airway clearance, risk for infection, risk for injury, risk for disturbed sleep pattern, risk for situational low self-esteem, ineffective individual coping

Wandering Wilma's Always Late

Walker With Affected Leg

C.O.A.L.

Cane Opposite Affected Leg

"Good goes to heaven, Bad goes to hell"

Good leg goes upstairs first, Bad leg goes downstairs first

Guidelines for Initiating an Exercise Program

(1) Assess fitness level (2) Design the program (3) Assemble equipment (4) Get started (5) Monitor progress

crutch gait that gives stability but requires weight bearing on both legs...each leg is moved alternately with each opposing crutch so that 3 points of support are on the floor at all times

Four-Point Crutch Gait

crutch gait that requires the patient to bear all weight on one foot...patient puts weight on both crutches then on unaffected leg then repeats

Three-Point Crutch Gait

crutch gait that requires at least partial weight bearing on both feet...patient moves the crutch at the same time as the opposite leg so the movements are similar to normal walking

Two-Point Crutch Gait