Asepsis Flashcards by Kristin Godsey

Infection

invasion of a susceptible host by a potentially harmful microorganism (pathogen) resulting in disease

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Colonization

presence & growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

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Fungi

a principle infecting agent includes yeast, molds & mushrooms grow in single cells or in multicellular filmentous colonies

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Virulence

microorganisms ability to produce disease

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Resevoir

a place where microorganisms survive, multiply, & wait to transfer to a susceptible host

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Carrier

human who shows no signs of disease but carry & can transmit microorganisms

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Immunity

state in which a host in not susceptible either artificially or naturally

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Active Immunity

results from having a disease & mounting an immune response that usually lasts a lifetime

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Passive Immunity

acquisition of an antibody by one person from another, usually lasts short duration (weeks-month) EX: mother to baby

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Antibodies

immunoglobulins, essential to the immune system, produced by lymphoid tissue in response to bacteria, viruses or other antigens

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Pathogenecity

ability of pathogenic agent to produce disease

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Normal Flora

large amounts of microorganisms residing on surface & deep layers of skin, in saliva, oral mucosa & intestinal walls

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Inflammation

cellular response of the body to injury or infection

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Necrotic

of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to disease or injury

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Antigen

foreign material entering the body that creates a series of responses that changes the biological make-up of the body

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Health-Care Acquired Infection (HAI)

when a patient develops an infections that was not present or incubating at the time of admission to a healthcare setting

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Exogenous Infection

comes from microorganisms found outside the individual

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Endogenous Infection

occurs when part of a patient flora becomes altered & overgrowth occurs

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Aseptic Technique

an effort to keep patients as free from exposure to infections-causing pathogens as possible

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Medical Asepsis

“clean techniques” including procedures used to reduce the # & prevent the spread of microorganisms

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Surgical Asepsis

“sterile techniques” including procedures to eliminate all microorganisms

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Sterilization

destroys all microorganisms & their spores

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Standard Precautions

used routinely with every patient regardless of diagnosis, including hand hygiene & use of barriers (gloves)

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Transmission-Based Precautions

required when patient has communicable disease or infection that is easily transmissible

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Airborne Precautions

safeguards to reduce the risk of transmission of infection through air a person breathes

Contact Precautions

safeguards to reduce the risk of transmission of infection by direct or indirect contact

Droplet Precautions

safeguards to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents

Aerobe

a microbe that is able to live and reproduce in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobe

a microorganism that can live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen

Airborne Transmission

transmission of infection through the air a person breathes

Antibiotic

a natural or synthetic substance used extensibely to treat infectious diseases

Antimicrobial

destructive to or preventing the development of microorganisms

Antiseptic

preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

Communicable Disease

a disease capable of being transmitted from one individual to another

Cultures

the propagation of microorganisms or of living tissue cells in special media that are conducive to their growth

Disinfectants

a substance that prevents infection by killing bacteria mostly used on surfaces or equipment, not the body

Exudate

any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris

Immunoglobulins

any of a diverse group of plasma polypeptides that bind antigenic proteins & serve as one of the body's primary defenses against disease

Isolation

the physical separation of those with certain infections from other people to prevent or limit the transmission of disease

Leukocytosis

an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood occurs most commonly in disease involving infection

Nonspecific Defenses

the general ways a body prevents foreign materials from causing harm includes physical & chemical barriers, the inflammatory response & interferons

Nosocomial Infection

an infection acquired in a hospital, nursing home, or other health care setting burn patients & surgical ICU patients have highest rates

Resident Flora

normal flora

Spore

a cell produced by fungi for reproduction; may remain dormant yet viable for months a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat, cold or dehydration; may remain viable for decades

Sterile Field

area that is free from living microorganisms

Sterile Technique

includes procedures to eliminate all microorganisms from an area; "surgical asepsis"

Asphyxiation

the process of limiting intake of oxygen

Bactericidal

capable of killing bacteria

Bloodborne Pathogen

pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood

Cellular Immunity

T-cell mediated immune functions requiring cell interactions

Fungi

the kingdom of organisms that include yeasts, mold & mushrooms

Host

the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment

Humoral Immunity

protective activities of antibodies against infection or reinfection by common organisms

Occupational Exposure

introduction of microorganisms during job duties that may place worker at risk for infections

Opportunistic Pathogen

any pathogen that causes infection resulting from a defective immune system that cannot defend against it resident flora that infects a body site in which they are normally present

Virus

a pathogen composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell which can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell

Normal Defenses of the Body Against Infection

Normal Flora Body System Defenses Inflammation Immune Response

Body System Defenses

Skin Mouth Eye Respiratory Tract Urinary Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Vagina

Signs & Symptoms of Localized Infection

pain edema heat erythema exudate discoloration odor

Signs & Symptoms of Systemic Infection

fever shaking chills decreased urination rapid pulse rapid breathing nausea & vomiting diarrhea

Risks for HAI & Nosocomial Infections

invasive procedures medical therapies long hospitalizations contact with health-care personnel lowered resistance to infection due to underlying conditions invasive treatment devices treatment with multiple antibiotics for long periods of time

Chain of Infection

Portal of Entry---\>Host Susceptibility---\>Infectious Agent---\>Reservoir---\>Portal of Exit---\>Transmission

Portal of Entry

routes through which microorganisms enter the body including broken skin, mucous membranes, GU tract, GI tract, & respiratory tract

Host Susceptibility

an individual's degree of resistance to pathogens

Reservoir

a place where microorganisms survive, multiply & wait to transfer to a susceptible host (humans, animals, insects, food, water, organic material)

Portal of Exit

site through which microorganisms exit the body including respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract, reproductive tract & blood

Suprainfection

secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen

Factors that Influence a Microorganism's Capability to Produce Infection

Age Personal Habits Heredity Environmental Factors Cultural Practices Immunization/Disease History Nutritional Status Medical Therapies Stress Clinical Appearance & Data Rest & Exercise Inadequate Defenses

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Infection

Health Promotion (hand hygiene, nutrition, rest, exercise, immunization) Disinfection & Sterilization of equipment Cleaning Control or Elimination of Reservoirs Control Portals of Exit & Entry Control Transmission Isolation & Barrier Protection Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Sepsis

presence of pathogenic organisms or toxins in the blood/tissue

Vehicle-Borne Transmission

any substance that serves as a means to transport & introduce microorganisms into a host through portal of entry

Vector-Borne Transmission

an animal or insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting infectious agent

# Reversed invasion of a susceptible host by a potentially harmful microorganism (pathogen) resulting in disease

Infection

# Reversed presence & growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

Colonization

# Reversed a principle infecting agent includes yeast, molds & mushrooms grow in single cells or in multicellular filmentous colonies

Fungi

# Reversed microorganisms ability to produce disease

Virulence

# Reversed a place where microorganisms survive, multiply, & wait to transfer to a susceptible host

Resevoir

# Reversed human who shows no signs of disease but carry & can transmit microorganisms

Carrier

# Reversed state in which a host in not susceptible either artificially or naturally

Immunity

# Reversed results from having a disease & mounting an immune response that usually lasts a lifetime

Active Immunity

# Reversed acquisition of an antibody by one person from another, usually lasts short duration (weeks-month) EX: mother to baby

Passive Immunity

# Reversed immunoglobulins, essential to the immune system, produced by lymphoid tissue in response to bacteria, viruses or other antigens

Antibodies

# Reversed ability of pathogenic agent to produce disease

Pathogenecity

# Reversed large amounts of microorganisms residing on surface & deep layers of skin, in saliva, oral mucosa & intestinal walls

Normal Flora

# Reversed cellular response of the body to injury or infection

Inflammation

# Reversed of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to disease or injury

Necrotic

# Reversed foreign material entering the body that creates a series of responses that changes the biological make-up of the body

Antigen

# Reversed when a patient develops an infections that was not present or incubating at the time of admission to a healthcare setting

Health-Care Acquired Infection (HAI)

# Reversed comes from microorganisms found outside the individual

Exogenous Infection

# Reversed occurs when part of a patient flora becomes altered & overgrowth occurs

Endogenous Infection

# Reversed an effort to keep patients as free from exposure to infections-causing pathogens as possible

Aseptic Technique

# Reversed "clean techniques" including procedures used to reduce the # & prevent the spread of microorganisms

Medical Asepsis

# Reversed "sterile techniques" including procedures to eliminate all microorganisms

Surgical Asepsis

# Reversed destroys all microorganisms & their spores

Sterilization

# Reversed used routinely with every patient regardless of diagnosis, including hand hygiene & use of barriers (gloves)

Standard Precautions

# Reversed required when patient has communicable disease or infection that is easily transmissible

Transmission-Based Precautions

# Reversed safeguards to reduce the risk of transmission of infection through air a person breathes

Airborne Precautions

# Reversed safeguards to reduce the risk of transmission of infection by direct or indirect contact

Contact Precautions

# Reversed safeguards to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents

Droplet Precautions

# Reversed a microbe that is able to live and reproduce in the presence of oxygen

Aerobe

# Reversed a microorganism that can live and reproduce in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobe

# Reversed transmission of infection through the air a person breathes

Airborne Transmission

# Reversed a natural or synthetic substance used extensibely to treat infectious diseases

Antibiotic

# Reversed destructive to or preventing the development of microorganisms

Antimicrobial

# Reversed preventing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

Antiseptic

# Reversed a disease capable of being transmitted from one individual to another

Communicable Disease

# Reversed the propagation of microorganisms or of living tissue cells in special media that are conducive to their growth

Cultures

# Reversed a substance that prevents infection by killing bacteria mostly used on surfaces or equipment, not the body

Disinfectants

# Reversed any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris

Exudate

# Reversed any of a diverse group of plasma polypeptides that bind antigenic proteins & serve as one of the body's primary defenses against disease

Immunoglobulins

# Reversed the physical separation of those with certain infections from other people to prevent or limit the transmission of disease

Isolation

# Reversed an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood occurs most commonly in disease involving infection

Leukocytosis

# Reversed the general ways a body prevents foreign materials from causing harm includes physical & chemical barriers, the inflammatory response & interferons

Nonspecific Defenses

# Reversed an infection acquired in a hospital, nursing home, or other health care setting burn patients & surgical ICU patients have highest rates

Nosocomial Infection

# Reversed normal flora

Resident Flora

# Reversed a cell produced by fungi for reproduction; may remain dormant yet viable for months a resistant cell produced by bacteria to withstand extreme heat, cold or dehydration; may remain viable for decades

Spore

# Reversed area that is free from living microorganisms

Sterile Field

# Reversed includes procedures to eliminate all microorganisms from an area; "surgical asepsis"

Sterile Technique

# Reversed the process of limiting intake of oxygen

Asphyxiation

# Reversed capable of killing bacteria

Bactericidal

# Reversed pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood

Bloodborne Pathogen

# Reversed T-cell mediated immune functions requiring cell interactions

Cellular Immunity

# Reversed the kingdom of organisms that include yeasts, mold & mushrooms

Fungi

# Reversed the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment

Host

# Reversed protective activities of antibodies against infection or reinfection by common organisms

Humoral Immunity

# Reversed introduction of microorganisms during job duties that may place worker at risk for infections

Occupational Exposure

# Reversed any pathogen that causes infection resulting from a defective immune system that cannot defend against it resident flora that infects a body site in which they are normally present

Opportunistic Pathogen

# Reversed a pathogen composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell which can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell

Virus

# Reversed Normal Flora Body System Defenses Inflammation Immune Response

Normal Defenses of the Body Against Infection

# Reversed Skin Mouth Eye Respiratory Tract Urinary Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Vagina

Body System Defenses

# Reversed pain edema heat erythema exudate discoloration odor

Signs & Symptoms of Localized Infection

# Reversed fever shaking chills decreased urination rapid pulse rapid breathing nausea & vomiting diarrhea

Signs & Symptoms of Systemic Infection

# Reversed invasive procedures medical therapies long hospitalizations contact with health-care personnel lowered resistance to infection due to underlying conditions invasive treatment devices treatment with multiple antibiotics for long periods of time

Risks for HAI & Nosocomial Infections

# Reversed Portal of Entry---\>Host Susceptibility---\>Infectious Agent---\>Reservoir---\>Portal of Exit---\>Transmission

Chain of Infection

# Reversed routes through which microorganisms enter the body including broken skin, mucous membranes, GU tract, GI tract, & respiratory tract

Portal of Entry

# Reversed an individual's degree of resistance to pathogens

Host Susceptibility

# Reversed a place where microorganisms survive, multiply & wait to transfer to a susceptible host (humans, animals, insects, food, water, organic material)

Reservoir

# Reversed site through which microorganisms exit the body including respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract, reproductive tract & blood

Portal of Exit

# Reversed secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen

Suprainfection

# Reversed Age Personal Habits Heredity Environmental Factors Cultural Practices Immunization/Disease History Nutritional Status Medical Therapies Stress Clinical Appearance & Data Rest & Exercise Inadequate Defenses

Factors that Influence a Microorganism's Capability to Produce Infection

# Reversed Health Promotion (hand hygiene, nutrition, rest, exercise, immunization) Disinfection & Sterilization of equipment Cleaning Control or Elimination of Reservoirs Control Portals of Exit & Entry Control Transmission Isolation & Barrier Protection Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Infection

# Reversed presence of pathogenic organisms or toxins in the blood/tissue

Sepsis

# Reversed any substance that serves as a means to transport & introduce microorganisms into a host through portal of entry

Vehicle-Borne Transmission

# Reversed an animal or insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting infectious agent

Vector-Borne Transmission