Oxygenation Flashcards
condition in which the patient must be in an upright position to breathe
Orthopnea
breathlessness
Dyspnea
abnormal breath sounds
Adventitious Sounds
when auscultating lungs, a high-pitched, short, interrupted crackle sound heard during end of inspiration (not cleared with coughing) CAUSED BY random, sudden inflation of groups of alveoli or a disruptive passage of air through the small airways…most commonlt heard in dependent lobes, right & left lung bases
Crackles
when auscultating lungs, a loud, low-pitched, rumbling coarse sound heard either during expiration or inspiration (may be cleared by coughing) CAUSED BY muscular spasm, fluid, or mucus in larger airways, new growth or external pressure…most commonly heard over trachea & bronchi but if loud enough, can be heard over most of lung field
Ronchi
when auscultating lungs, a high-pitched, continuous musical sound such as a squeak heard continuously during inspiration or expiration, usually louder on expiration CAUSED BY high velocity airflow through severely narrowed or obstructed airways…most commonly heard all over lung field
Wheezes
primary function of the lungs: the movement of air in & out of the lungs
Ventilation
primary function of the lungs: the movement of gasses between air spaces & bloodstream
Diffusion
the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism
Respiration
the movement of blood into & out of the lungs to the organs & tissues of the body
Perfusion
the amount of oxygen entering the the body
Oxygenation
inadequate tissue oxygenation with a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen utilization at the cellular level
Hypoxia
the abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood, a low partial pressure of oxygen
Hypoxemia
condition that occurs when ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demands of the body or to eliminate carbon dioxide
Hypoventilation
an increase in the respiratory rate, resulting in excess amount of carbon dioxide elimination
Hyperventilation
Factors Affecting Oxygenation
(1) decreased oxygen-carrying capacity (2) decreased inspired oxygen concentration (3) increased metabolic rate (4) conditions affecting chest wall movement
collapse of alveoli preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
Atelectasis
Condition Affecting Chest Wall Movement
(1) musculoskeletal abnormalities (2) nervous system diseases (3) trauma
chemical in the lung that maintains the integrity of the alveoli, keeping them dry & preventing alveolar damage
Surfactant
Lifestyle Factors that Affect Cardiopulmonary Function
Nutrition, Hydration, Exercise, Cigarette Smoking, Substance Abuse, Stress
Items to Assess During Nursing History of Cardiopulmonary Function
Risk Factors, Fatigue, Pain, Breathing Pattern, Cough, Respiratory Infections, Medication Use
bloody sputum
Hemoptysis
process that uses the aerosol principle to suspend a maximum number of water drops or particles of the desired size in inspired air…improves clearance
Nebulization
a collection of air or other gas in the plueral space
Pneumothorax
any muscle that is recruited to increase ventilation by patients with labored breathing
Accessory Muscle
small, hollow air sac of the lung
Alveoli
temporary cessation of breathing & therefore, the body’s intake of oxygen & release of carbon dioxide
Apnea
abnormally slow breathing
Bradypnea
tubular, hollow breath sounds heard when auscultating over large airways i.e. 2nd & 3rd intercostal spaces
Bronchial Breath Sounds
a drug that expands the bronchi by relaxing the bronchial muscle
Bronchodilator
pertaining to bronchial tubes & alveoli with special reference to sounds intermediate between bronchial or tracheal sounds & vesicular sounds
Bronchovesicular
a blue, gray, slate or dark purple discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood
Cyanosis
a catheter inserted into the trachea to provide or protect an airway
Endotracheal Tube
the act or process of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs…the expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat or lungs
Expectorate
expulsion of air from the lungs in breathing…exhaling
Expiration
inhalation…drawing air into the lungs
Inspiration
device used to encourage voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients of the inspiratory volume they have acheived
Incentive Spirometer
device designed to deliver a measured dose of an inhaltion drug
Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)
device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or airflow to a patient in need of respiratory help
Nasal Cannula
a device used in medical emergencies in which a patient need oxygen therapy but can breath unassisted…allows for higher dose oxygen than a nasal cannula
Non Rebreather Mask
condition in which excess fluid builds up in the fluid-filled cavity surrounding the lungs
Pleural Effusion
a photosensor with two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of differing wavelengths that measure the combined absorption of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (indirect measurement of O2 saturation)
Pulse Oximeter
mucus coughed up from the lower airways
Sputum
abnormally rapid rate of breathing
Tachypnea
volume representing the normal amount of air displaced between inhalation & exhalation when extra effort is not applied
Tidal Volume
procedure of entering the pleural cavity & aspirating fluid (usually performed at bedside)
Thoracentisis
an artificial opening made in the neck to provide an airway
Tracheostomy
normal, soft, low-pitched breath sounds with a rustling quality during inspiration, softer during expiration
Vesicular Breath Sounds
the movement of blood into & out of the lungs to the organs & tissues of the body (supported by the heart)
Perfusion
The Normal Electrical Pathway of the Heart
SA node—>across the atria—>AV node—>Bundle of His—>Purkinje fibers—>ventricles
resistance of the ejection of blood from the left ventricle
Afterload
amount of blood at end of ventricular diastole or measured as end-diastolic pressure
Preload
