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Nursing 2910 > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pain response like for neontes

A

subtle

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2
Q

How many children experience chronic pain

A

15-20%

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3
Q

How early does a fetus feel pain

A

20 weeks

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4
Q

How is pain addressed in pediatrics

A

self-report, behavioral observations, or physiological measures

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5
Q

Oral sucrose

A

sucrose by mouth, alone or in combination with other analgesic measures, can be effective for pain control in newborns exposed to mild or moderately painful procedures

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6
Q

What can cause some older adults from reporting pain

A

cognitive impairment

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7
Q

What is important in dealing with older adults pain

A

nonverbal cues

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8
Q

What is common in patients with Alzheimer’s

A

unreliable behavioral cues and self-reporting of pain

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9
Q

What is common in pain with older adults

A

persistent pain

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10
Q

What are older adults at risk for

A

under treatment with nurses, over treatment of drugs

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11
Q

Transduction

A

activation of nociceptors by chemical, thermal, or mechanical stimuli

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12
Q

Mechanical stimuli

A

external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body

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13
Q

Thermal stimuli

A

extreme exposure to heat or cold

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14
Q

Chemical stimuli

A

internal and external reactions

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15
Q

Transmission

A

conduction of pain messages to the spinal cord through a-fibers or c-fibers

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16
Q

A-fibers

A

large in diameter, myelinated fibers, quick impulses of pain

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17
Q

C-fibers

A

slower, smaller, unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow impulses of pain

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18
Q

Pain perception

A

the ability to recognize and interpret pain through the frontal cortex

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19
Q

Pain perception for individuals

A

each person has a different perception of pain, but it stays the same for each individual

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20
Q

Pain modulation

A

changing pain perception

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21
Q

Adena

A

significant pain from non-painful stimuli

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22
Q

What does a release of substrates create

A

an inflammation response

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of pain

A

inflammation

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24
Q

How are pain signals facilitated or inhibited

A

endogenously

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25
Q

Endogenous

A

neurons in the brain stem activate descending nerve cells that conduct impulses

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26
Q

Gate control theory

A

pain impulses can be modulated at the spinal level, pain is produced or inhibited

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27
Q

What causes pain to change

A

duration, quality, and intensity

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28
Q

Sympathetic response

A

acute pain activities, fight or flight, protective response, minimize blood loss

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29
Q

Parasympathetic response

A

consistent pain, away from danger, pain receptors transmit pain message so you are aware of any injuries, protective response

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30
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the endocrine system

A

cause an extensive release of hormones, insulin and testosterone decrease

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31
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the cardiovascular system

A

lead to clotting, hyper-coagulation, increase in heart rate/blood pressure/cardiac output/oxygen demands, the heart has to work harder, chest pain

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32
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the musculoskeletal system

A

impaired muscle function, fatigue, problems with ADLs

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33
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the respiratory system

A

shallow breathing, limited thoracic and abdominal movement, higher risk for pneumonia, cannot fully expand lungs, retains carbon dioxide (hypercapnia)

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34
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the genitourinary system

A

hormone shifts that can decrease urinary output and fluid overload, low potassium

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35
Q

How does unrelieved pain impact the gastrointestinal system

A

intestinal secretions increase, smooth muscle tone increases, motility decreases

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36
Q

Cutaneous/superficial pain

A

pain that rises from the skin

37
Q

Deep somatic pain

A

pain originating from ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones

38
Q

What is deep somatic pain described as

A

localized, aching, tender

39
Q

Examples of deep somatic pain

A

fractures, sprains, arthritis, bone cancer

40
Q

Visceral pain

A

pain caused by stimulation of deep internal pain receptors

41
Q

Where is visceral pain found

A

abdominal cavities, cranium, thoracic cavities

42
Q

Describe visceral pain

A

not localized, tight, pressure, crampy

43
Q

Examples of visceral pain

A

menstrual cramps, labor, GI infections, bowel disorders, bowel cancers

44
Q

Radiating pain

A

pain that starts at an origin and stems to other locations

45
Q

Examples of radiating pain

A

a sore throat the extends into the ears, heartburn

46
Q

Referred pain

A

pain that is distant from the origin

47
Q

Examples of referred pain

A

heart attack that causes pain in the arm or the jaw

48
Q

Phantom pain

A

pain in areas that have been amputated

49
Q

Describe phantom pain

A

burning, itching, deep pain

50
Q

Psychogenic pain

A

pain from the mind, stressful situation can cause pain, there is no physical cause

51
Q

How is pain classified by its cause

A

nociceptive or neuropathic

52
Q

What is nociceptive pain

A

when pain receptors respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging

53
Q

Nociceptors

A

sensory nerves that responsed to pain found in skin, joints, artery walls, and most internal organs

54
Q

Where is the highest concentration of nociceptors found

A

the skin

55
Q

Where is the lowest concentration of nociceptors found

A

organs

56
Q

What causes nociceptive pain

A

trauma, surgery, inflammation
thermal/chemical/ mechanical stimuli

57
Q

What is neuropathic pain

A

complex, chronic pain coming from an injury to one or more nerves resulting in repeated transmission of pain signals through the nerve

58
Q

What is neuropathic pain most commonly caused by

A

diabetes, stroke, tumor, alcoholism, amputation, infection, or shingles

59
Q

How is pain classified by its duration/onset

A

acute, chronic, intractable

60
Q

How can pain be classified

A

by its cause, duration/onset, or its description

61
Q

Acute pain

A

short-term pain, less than 6 months, protective in nature

62
Q

How is acute pain resolved

A

when stimuli disappears and the tissue is healed

63
Q

Chronic pain

A

6 months or longer, interferes with ADLs

64
Q

Intractable pain

A

chronic and highly resistant to relief

65
Q

What is the best way to handle intractable pain

A

multiple methods of pain relief

66
Q

How is pain classified by its description

A

quality, periodicity, and intensity

67
Q

Quality

A

what the pain is described as
sharp, dull, burning, stabbing, etc

68
Q

Periodicity

A

occurrence of pain
episodic, constant

69
Q

Intensity

A

magnitude of experienced pain
mild, distracting, intolerable, severe

70
Q

What is pain influenced by

A

emotions, past experiences with pain, developmental stage, sociocultural factors, communication skills, cognitive impairments

71
Q

COLDSPAA

A

Character
Onset
Location
Duration
Severity
Pattern
Associated factors
Affect on the patient

72
Q

A complete pain history includes

A

location, quality, intensity, aggravating/alleviating factors, timing, duration, impact on ADLS, impact on mobility, psychological/social factors

73
Q

What is the 5th vital sign

A

pain

74
Q

Visual analog scale (VAS)

A

horizontal line, no pain on the left, worst pain on the right

75
Q

Visual analog scale uses

A

best for adults with no cognitive impairment, some patients have a hard time using because it is abstract, simple, quick

76
Q

Numeric pain intensity scale

A

horizontal line with numbers 0-10, 0 being no pain 10 being the worst pain

77
Q

Numeric pain intensity scale uses

A

the patient should be able to count, use numbers 0-5 if the patient is cognitively impaired

78
Q

Simple descriptive pain intensity scale

A

uses different adjectives on a horizontal line to describe pain
mild, moderate, severe

79
Q

Simple descriptive pain intensity scale uses

A

can be time consuming, used if an individual has cognitive impairment

80
Q

FACES pain rating scale

A

point to a face that best describes their pain and how they are feeling, it is important to describe what each face means

81
Q

FACES pain rating scale uses

A

best for cognitive impairment and children 3 years and older

82
Q

FLACC pain scale

A

a behavioral pain assessment scale for nonverbal patients

83
Q

FLACC pain scale assessment

A

assess observation of face, legs activity, cry, and consolability

84
Q

FLACC pain scale rating

A

0 means no pain, 3 means pain

85
Q

What pain scale is used

A

the pain scale best for the patient’s age, level of development, and level of education. the scale used should stay the same for each patient

86
Q

General impression of pain

A

observe posture, body position, facial expressions, face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability, inspect joints and muscles

87
Q

How many women die annually from pregnancy complications

A

700

88
Q

American Indian, Alaskan Native, and Black women are how many times more likely to die from pregnancy compared to white women

A

2-3 times

Nursing 2910 (15 decks)

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