Pain Flashcards
What is the pain response like for neontes
subtle
How many children experience chronic pain
15-20%
How early does a fetus feel pain
20 weeks
How is pain addressed in pediatrics
self-report, behavioral observations, or physiological measures
Oral sucrose
sucrose by mouth, alone or in combination with other analgesic measures, can be effective for pain control in newborns exposed to mild or moderately painful procedures
What can cause some older adults from reporting pain
cognitive impairment
What is important in dealing with older adults pain
nonverbal cues
What is common in patients with Alzheimer’s
unreliable behavioral cues and self-reporting of pain
What is common in pain with older adults
persistent pain
What are older adults at risk for
under treatment with nurses, over treatment of drugs
Transduction
activation of nociceptors by chemical, thermal, or mechanical stimuli
Mechanical stimuli
external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body
Thermal stimuli
extreme exposure to heat or cold
Chemical stimuli
internal and external reactions
Transmission
conduction of pain messages to the spinal cord through a-fibers or c-fibers
A-fibers
large in diameter, myelinated fibers, quick impulses of pain
C-fibers
slower, smaller, unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow impulses of pain
Pain perception
the ability to recognize and interpret pain through the frontal cortex
Pain perception for individuals
each person has a different perception of pain, but it stays the same for each individual
Pain modulation
changing pain perception
Adena
significant pain from non-painful stimuli
What does a release of substrates create
an inflammation response
What is the most common cause of pain
inflammation
How are pain signals facilitated or inhibited
endogenously
Endogenous
neurons in the brain stem activate descending nerve cells that conduct impulses
Gate control theory
pain impulses can be modulated at the spinal level, pain is produced or inhibited
What causes pain to change
duration, quality, and intensity
Sympathetic response
acute pain activities, fight or flight, protective response, minimize blood loss
Parasympathetic response
consistent pain, away from danger, pain receptors transmit pain message so you are aware of any injuries, protective response
How does unrelieved pain impact the endocrine system
cause an extensive release of hormones, insulin and testosterone decrease
How does unrelieved pain impact the cardiovascular system
lead to clotting, hyper-coagulation, increase in heart rate/blood pressure/cardiac output/oxygen demands, the heart has to work harder, chest pain
How does unrelieved pain impact the musculoskeletal system
impaired muscle function, fatigue, problems with ADLs
How does unrelieved pain impact the respiratory system
shallow breathing, limited thoracic and abdominal movement, higher risk for pneumonia, cannot fully expand lungs, retains carbon dioxide (hypercapnia)
How does unrelieved pain impact the genitourinary system
hormone shifts that can decrease urinary output and fluid overload, low potassium
How does unrelieved pain impact the gastrointestinal system
intestinal secretions increase, smooth muscle tone increases, motility decreases