Musculoskeletal assessment Flashcards
What does the musculoskeletal system contain
bones, muscles, and joints
What is the musculoskeletal system controlled by
the nervous system
What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system
to provide structure and movement for body parts
What is the purpose of bones
structure, protection, serve as levers, store calcium/phosphorus, produce RBCs
What is vitamin C needed for
calcium absorption
How many bones are in the body
206
What are the types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
What does spongy bone do
help absorb impact
osteoclasts
breakdown and clean up bone
osteoblasts
build bone
Why does bone need blood supply
because it is a living tissue
Joint
a place where two or more bones meet
What is the purpose of a joint
provide a range of motion
Synarthrotic joints
connects two bones with fibrous connective tissue, immovable
Amphiarthrotic joints
joining together of bone through cartilage, partially moveable
Diarthroses/synovial joints
bones attach together through ligaments, have a space between bone filled with synovial fluid, freely moveable
Ball and socket joint
a rounded head (ball) fits into a cup-like structure (socket) to allow movement in all planes in addition to rotation - hip, shoulders
Condyloid joint
an oval shaped bone fits into an elliptical cavity to allow movement in two planes at right angles to each other - wrist
Gliding joint
two flat plane surfaces move past each other - intervertebral joints
Hinge joint
a convex surface fits into a cavity, allowing flexion and extension - knee and elbow
Pivot joint
the joint is formed by a ring-like object that turns on a pivot - first vertebrae and the base of the skull
Saddle joint
the bones that fit together are convex and concave, having opposite construction - thumb
When do joints require further investigation
color changes, inflammation, infection, erythema (redness), warmth, joint deformity
Cartilage
smooth, elastic connective tissue that cushions around the joints
Tendons
fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Ligaments
fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
What do ligaments allow for
freedom of movement but prevent overextension
What does the autonomic nervous system control
involuntary muscles
What does the somatic nervous system control
voluntary skeletal muscle
Abduction
moving away from the midline of the body
Adduction
moving toward the midline of the body
Circumduction
circular motion
Inversion
moving inward
Eversion
moving outward
Extension
straightening the extremity at the joint
Hyperextension
joint bends more than 180 degrees
Flexion
bending the extremity at the joint
Pronation
turning or facing downward
Supination
turning or facing upward
Protraction
moving forward (moving head forward at the neck)
Retraction
moving backward (moving head backward at the neck)
Rotation
turning a bone on its own long axis
Internal rotation
turning a bone toward the center of the body
External rotation
turning a bone away from the body
Why does type 1 diabetes create an increased osteoporosis risk
insufficient calcium
Passive ROM
muscle is getting moved for the patient
Active ROM
muscle can move independently by the patient
Muscle strength ratings
0: no muscular contraction
1: slight contraction
2: passive ROM
3: active ROM against some resistance
4: active ROM against full resistance
Osteoporosis
a decrease in bone density due to osteoclast activity increasing and osteoblast activity decreasing
Where are the most common fractures found
wrist, hip, and spine
What is the statistic of osteoporosis
1/10 people over the age of 50 have osteoporosis
Why does osteoporosis most commonly occur in women
due to the link between estrogen and bone density
Uncontrollable risk factors for osteoporosis
age, sex, genetics, family history, previous fracture, menopause, hysterectomy, long-term glucocorticoid therapy, rheumatoid arthritis
Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis
alcohol, smoking, caffeine, low body mass index, poor nutrition, vitamin D deficiency, eating disorders, low dietary calcium intake, insufficient exercise, frequent falls
