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Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience > Page 91-95 > Flashcards

Page 91-95 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of neurostimulation?

Options:
A) To inhibit neural activity
B) To stimulate the nervous system
C) To induce memory loss
D) To assess brain plasticity

A

B) To stimulate the nervous system

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2
Q

Which technique involves the direct application of electric currents transcranially?

Options:
A) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
B) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)
C) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
D) Optogenetics

A

B) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)

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3
Q

Which neurostimulation technique involves the precise modulation of an area’s activity and might be applied for Parkinson’s disease?

Options:
A) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
B) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
C) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)
D) Optogenetics

A

B) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

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4
Q

What is the primary advantage of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in studying brain functions?

Options:
A) Low spatial resolution
B) Indirect interference with cortical activity
C) High functional resolution
D) Limited study of cortico-cortical connections

A

C) High functional resolution

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5
Q

What approach involves temporarily altering the functioning of specific cerebral regions for research and clinical applications, providing high functional resolution?

Options:
A) Lesion studies
B) Classic interference approach
C) Virtual lesion approach
D) Cortical stimulation

A

C) Virtual lesion approach

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6
Q

Which historical figure used intracranial cortical electrical stimulations to trigger vivid memories in neurosurgery patients?

Options:
A) Galvani
B) Aldini
C) Penfield
D) Duchenne

A

C) Penfield

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7
Q

Among the listed stimulation waveforms, which one allows repetitive stimulation at higher frequencies due to faster capacitor recharge?

Options:
A) Monophasic pulse
B) Biphasic pulse
C) Double-cone coil
D) Circular coil

A

B) Biphasic pulse

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8
Q

What is the primary consequence of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) at the neural level, as indicated in the text?

Options:
A) Activation of muscle twitches (EMG)
B) Induction of muscle contractions
C) Changes in blood flow and metabolism (PET, fMRI, NIRS, SPECT)
D) Evoked neuronal activity (EEG co-registration)

A

D) Evoked neuronal activity (EEG co-registration)

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9
Q

Which technique involves using light to control genetically modified neurons and precisely measure the effects of these manipulations?
* Options:
* A) Lesion studies
* B) Deep brain stimulation
* C) Optogenetics
* D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

C) Optogenetics

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10
Q

What was the main purpose of Aldini’s transcranial direct electrical current (tDCS) experiments?
* Options:
* A) To study brain lesions
* B) To induce muscle contractions
* C) To treat psychiatric disorders
* D) To measure brain plasticity

A

C) To treat psychiatric disorders

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11
Q

Which waveform, due to its efficiency and summation effects on neuronal populations, retrieves about half of the energy spent for each pulse?
* Options:
* A) Monophasic pulse
* B) Biphasic pulse
* C) Double-cone coil
* D) Circular coil

A

B) Biphasic pulse

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12
Q

How is the spatial resolution of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) influenced by coil orientation?
Options:
A) It remains constant irrespective of coil orientation
B) It is best when the coil is perpendicular to the gyrus
C) It depends on the coil’s focus
D) It is not influenced by coil orientation

A

B) It is best when the coil is perpendicular to the gyrus

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13
Q

What is the depth to which the magnetic pulse from TMS reaches within the brain?
* Options:
* A) 1 cm
* B) 3 cm
* C) 5 cm
* D) About 2 cm

A

D) About 2 cm

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14
Q

Among the listed coils, which one offers more focal and powerful stimulation?
* Options:
* A) Circular coil
* B) Figure-of-8 coil
* C) Double-cone coil
* D) Dual-pulse coil

A

B) Figure-of-8 coil

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15
Q

What is the primary distinction between the effects of TBS (Theta Burst Stimulation) types, iTBS, and cTBS?
Options:
A) iTBS increases cortical excitability, while cTBS decreases cortical excitability.
B) iTBS decreases cortical excitability, while cTBS increases cortical excitability.
C) Both iTBS and cTBS have similar effects on cortical excitability.
D) iTBS and cTBS have no discernible effects on cortical excitability.

A

A) iTBS increases cortical excitability, while cTBS decreases cortical excitability.

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16
Q

What threshold determines the lowest TMS intensity that can elicit visual phosphenes?
* Options:
* A) Movement threshold
* B) Motor threshold
* C) Phosphene threshold
* D) Stimulation threshold

A

C) Phosphene threshold

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17
Q

What is the fundamental principle of TMS according to the Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law of electromagnetism?
Options:
A) Inducing a permanent electric current on the cortex
B) Producing magnetic fields through continuous current
C) Sending an electric pulse on a small portion of cortical tissue
D) Creating voltage through magnetic fields in a conductor

A

C) Sending an electric pulse on a small portion of cortical tissue

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18
Q

Which TMS waveform is known for its capability to modulate the excitability of a given neural structure for a longer time?
Options:
A) Single-pulse TMS
B) Double-pulse TMS
C) Repetitive TMS
D) Theta burst stimulation

A

C) Repetitive TMS

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19
Q

What are the possible consequences at the neural level due to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Options:
A) Only microscopic responses in local depolarization
B) Changes in behavior but no physiological effects
C) Evoked neuronal activity, changes in blood flow, and metabolism
D) Solely macroscopic responses in EEG co-registration

A

C) Evoked neuronal activity, changes in blood flow, and metabolism

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20
Q

What is the ideal intensity range for repetitive TMS?
Options:
A) 100-120% motor threshold
B) 60-80% maximum stimulator output (MSO)
C) 35-50% MSO for continuous TBS
D) 50-70% MSO, 80-110% motor threshold

A

D) 50-70% MSO, 80-110% motor threshold

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21
Q

What is the primary advantage of TMS in studying brain functions compared to other techniques?
Options:
A) Limited to single-session studies
B) Provides low spatial resolution
C) Offers the possibility to draw causal inferences
D) Lacks flexibility in experimental designs

A

C) Offers the possibility to draw causal inferences

22
Q

What does the Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law of electromagnetism suggest about TMS?
Options:
A) Continuous current produces effects on the cortex
B) Magnetic fields induce permanent changes in neurons
C) Only the magnetic field reaches the brain
D) Abrupt changes in current generate an electric field on the cortex

A

D) Abrupt changes in current generate an electric field on the cortex

23
Q

Which stimulation waveform in TMS can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects on various sub-populations of neurons?
Options:
A) Monophasic pulse
B) Biphasic pulse
C) Continuous TBS
D) Single-pulse TMS

A

B) Biphasic pulse

24
Q

What is the purpose of the double-cone coil in TMS?
Options:
A) To enhance spatial resolution
B) To stimulate peripheral nerves effectively
C) To stimulate deeper brain structures
D) To focus on an extensive cortical area

A

C) To stimulate deeper brain structures

25
Q

Which historical figure is credited with discovering negative variation in nerve pulses?
Options:
A) Galvani
B) Aldini
C) Du Bois-Reymond
D) Duchenne

A

C) Du Bois-Reymond

26
Q

What is the main difference between TMS and tDCS?
Options:
A) TMS induces changes in neural activity, while tDCS directly stimulates neurons.
B) tDCS offers higher spatial resolution compared to TMS.
C) TMS uses light to control cells, while tDCS relies on magnetic fields.
D) tDCS has better efficacy in targeting deeper brain structures than TMS.

A

A) TMS induces changes in neural activity, while tDCS directly stimulates neurons.

27
Q

Which TMS waveform preferentially activates a neuronal population oriented in the same direction?
Options:
A) Single-pulse TMS
B) Monophasic pulse
C) Continuous TBS
D) Double-pulse TMS

A

B) Monophasic pulse

28
Q

What is a significant limitation of lesion studies compared to TMS in understanding brain functions?
Options:
A) Lesion studies offer better temporal resolution than TMS.
B) Lesions can be precisely targeted compared to TMS stimulation.
C) Lesion studies can establish causal relationships between brain areas and functions.
D) Lesions might impair cognitive abilities globally, making patients untestable.

A

D) Lesions might impair cognitive abilities globally, making patients untestable.

29
Q

What is the purpose of neuro-navigation in TMS?
Options:
A) To identify functional effects of TMS
B) To find anatomical landmarks for stimulation
C) To precisely locate brain landmarks using neuroimaging
D) To guide coil placement based on brain landmarks

A

D) To guide coil placement based on brain landmarks

30
Q

What is the primary objective of the Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law of electromagnetism concerning TMS?
Options:
A) Determine the coil’s position for TMS placement
B) Understand the effects of magnetic fields on the brain
C) Explain the direction of the induced electric field in TMS
D) Evaluate the intensity of the induced current in TMS

A

C) Explain the direction of the induced electric field in TMS

31
Q

Which type of coil allows stimulation of deeper brain structures, such as inside fissures or sulci?
Options:
A) Figure-of-8 coil
B) Circular coil
C) Double-cone coil
D) Butterfly coil

A

C) Double-cone coil

32
Q

What is the primary advantage of theta burst stimulation (TBS) in comparison to other TMS techniques?
Options:
A) It has an immediate and long-lasting effect on cortical excitability.
B) It stimulates superficial brain structures more effectively.
C) It induces minimal discomfort during stimulation sessions.
D) It specifically targets motor-related areas in the brain.

A

A) It has an immediate and long-lasting effect on cortical excitability.

33
Q

What method does TMS primarily employ to study neural chronometry in cognitive tasks?
Options:
A) Single-pulse TMS
B) Repetitive TMS
C) Dual-pulse TMS
D) Theta burst stimulation

A

A) Single-pulse TMS

34
Q

What technique primarily determines the lowest TMS intensity required to evoke muscle movement?
Options:
A) Phosphene threshold determination
B) Multichannel TMS
C) Motor threshold determination
D) Double-pulse TMS

A

C) Motor threshold determination

35
Q

What is the main distinction between monophasic and biphasic TMS stimulators?
Options:
A) Monophasic stimulators have a greater impact on spatial resolution.
B) Biphasic stimulators require more intensity for efficacy.
C) Monophasic stimulators allow more efficient summation effects.
D) Biphasic stimulators only produce inhibitory effects.

A

C) Monophasic stimulators allow more efficient summation effects.

36
Q

What does the double-cone coil enable in TMS that other coils do not?
Options:
A) Induces motor movement more effectively
B) Stimulates a larger cortical surface
C) Allows stimulation of deeper brain structures
D) Increases the spatial resolution of the magnetic field

A

C) Allows stimulation of deeper brain structures

37
Q

Which TMS waveform stimulates a neuronal population oriented in the same direction?
Options:
A) Single-pulse TMS
B) Double-pulse TMS
C) Biphasic pulse TMS
D) Monophasic pulse TMS

A

D) Monophasic pulse TMS

38
Q

What historical figure extensively studied animal cells’ electric conduction?
Options:
A) Ferrier
B) Aldini
C) Duchenne
D) Galvani vs Volta

A

D) Galvani vs Volta

39
Q

Which neurostimulation method involves the precise modulation of an area’s activity through electrode implantation?
Options:
A) Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
B) Repetitive TMS (rTMS)
C) Lesion studies
D) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

A) Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

40
Q

What does TMS indirectly stimulate through magnetic pulses?
Options:
A) Peripheral nerves
B) Sub-cortical structures
C) Gyri and sulci
D) Cortical surface

A

D) Cortical surface

41
Q

Who discovered that transcranial direct electrical current (tDCS) helped ameliorate melancholia?

A) Aldini
B) Volta
C) Faraday
D) Galvani

A

A) Aldini

42
Q

Which approach involves interfering with the normal functioning of specific brain areas by locally adding noise?

A) Virtual Lesion Approach
B) Neuromodulation Approach
C) Lesion Studies
D) Cortical Stimulation

A

A) Virtual Lesion Approach

43
Q

What is the main advantage of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the study of brain functions?

A) Low functional resolution
B) Indirect interference with cortical activity
C) Limited flexibility in study designs
D) High functional resolution allowing causal inferences

A

D) High functional resolution allowing causal inferences

44
Q

Which stimulation technique involves an acute study which minimizes the possibility of plastic reorganization of brain function?

A) Repetitive TMS
B) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
C) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)
D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

45
Q

Who developed modern TMS in the 1980s?

A) Faraday
B) Aldini
C) Barker, Freeston & Jalinous
D) D’Arsonval

A

C) Barker, Freeston & Jalinous

46
Q

Which stimulation type is typically inhibitory when frequencies are <1Hz and excitatory between 5 and 20Hz?

A) Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS)
B) Repetitive offline TMS
C) Continuous TBS (cTBS)
D) Single pulse TMS

A

B) Repetitive offline TMS

47
Q

What did Ferrier demonstrate in the 1870s concerning electrical stimulation in animals?

A) Loss of sensory function in the brain
B) Activation of the visual cortex
C) Motor maps in the brain
D) Auditory perception in the cortex

A

C) Motor maps in the brain

48
Q

Who triggered muscular contractions with electrodes and recorded the resulting expressions with the newly invented camera?

A) Faraday
B) Duchenne
C) Volta
D) Galvani

A

B) Duchenne

49
Q

What was Meduna’s significant contribution in 1934?

A) Development of optogenetics
B) Introduction of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
C) Discovery of cortical mapping
D) Pioneering transcranial direct electrical current (tDCS)

A

B) Introduction of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

50
Q

Which technique involves interference with the normal activity of stimulated neurons, preventing them from performing other tasks?

A) Lesion Studies
B) Optogenetics
C) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
D) Classic Interference Approach (Virtual Lesions)

A

D) Classic Interference Approach (Virtual Lesions)

51
Q

What is the primary aim of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

A) Inducing long-term effects on brain functions
B) Activation of deep brain structures
C) Non-invasive stimulation of cortical tissue
D) Induction of optogenetic responses in neurons

A

C) Non-invasive stimulation of cortical tissue

52
Q

Which stimulation technique is considered safer, particularly unlikely to induce seizures in predisposed patients?

A) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
B) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)
C) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
D) Optogenetics

A

B) Transcranial Electric Stimulation (TES)

Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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