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Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience > Page 31-35 > Flashcards

Page 31-35 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main classes of brain asymmetries discussed in the text?

Answer:
a) Neuroanatomical asymmetries and functional asymmetries
b) Structural asymmetries and hemispheric dominance
c) Lateralization and functional preferences
d) Torque and Sylvian fissure

A

a) Neuroanatomical asymmetries and functional asymmetries

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2
Q

Which brain structure is considered the most asymmetrical, and what is it linked to?

Answer:
a) Planum temporale; linked to language dominance
b) Arcuate fasciculus; linked to language recovery
c) Sylvian fissure; linked to visuospatial integration
d) Frontal cortex; linked to face processing

A

a) Planum temporale; linked to language dominance

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3
Q

According to the HERA model, which hemisphere is involved in the retrieval of memories?

Answer:
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres equally
d) Frontal cortex

A

b) Right hemisphere

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4
Q

What is the role of the right prefrontal cortex in monitoring tasks?

Answer:
a) Language processing
b) Inhibition of motor responses
c) Spatial attention
d) Quality check on information and performance

A

d) Quality check on information and performance

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5
Q

How is the chimeric face test scored, and what does it assess?

Answer:
a) Scored by counting leftward biases; assesses spatial attention
b) Scored by assessing approach and withdrawal motivation; assesses affective disposition
c) Scored by counting pairs with attentional bias; assesses cognitive flexibility
d) Scored by counting rightward biases; assesses language dominance

A

b) Scored by assessing approach and withdrawal motivation; assesses affective disposition

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6
Q

In the context of split-brain models, what did Roger Sperry’s studies reveal about each hemisphere?

Answer:
a) Each hemisphere performs identical functions
b) Hemispheres share conscious awareness
c) Hemispheres have independent streams of conscious awareness
d) Consciousness is centralized in the corpus callosum

A

c) Hemispheres have independent streams of conscious awareness

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7
Q

What is the function of the right prefrontal cortex in the context of implicit temporal preparation?

Answer:
a) Inhibition of motor responses
b) Optimization of response based on passing time
c) Verbal memory encoding
d) Spatial decision-making

A

b) Optimization of response based on passing time

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8
Q

What is the ROBBIA model primarily concerned with?

Answer:
a) Hemispheric dominance in language processing
b) Executive functions and their lateralization
c) Visual perception and processing
d) Memory retrieval in the prefrontal cortex

A

b) Executive functions and their lateralization

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9
Q

How is the brain’s insulation model tested, and what does it aim to prevent?

Answer:
a) Tested through split-brain surgeries; aims to prevent executive functioning
b) Tested through bilateral presentation of stimuli; aims to prevent interference between hemispheres
c) Tested through chimeric face tests; aims to prevent split-brain syndrome
d) Tested through fMRI studies; aims to prevent lateralization of functions

A

b) Tested through bilateral presentation of stimuli; aims to prevent interference between hemispheres

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10
Q

According to cooperation models, when is collaboration between hemispheres more beneficial?

Answer:
a) Always beneficial, regardless of task complexity
b) Beneficial only for simple tasks
c) Beneficial when computational demands are high
d) Beneficial for inhibitory tasks

A

c) Beneficial when computational demands are high

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11
Q

What does the VMHC (Voxel Mirrored Homotopic Connectivity) analysis measure, and what did the study by Roland et al. reveal about it?

Answer:
a) Measures spatial attention; study showed a complete loss after callosotomy
b) Measures synchrony in activity with homologous voxels; study showed preservation after partial callosotomy
c) Measures verbal memory retrieval; study revealed disconnection after complete callosotomy
d) Measures executive functions; study demonstrated lateralization in the right hemisphere

A

b) Measures synchrony in activity with homologous voxels; study showed preservation after partial callosotomy

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12
Q

How do split-brain patients typically show changes in behavior over time?

Answer:
a) Clear-cut distinction between left and right hemisphere functions
b) No changes in behavior
c) Subtle changes with no clear distinction between hemispheres
d) Complete loss of certain cognitive functions

A

c) Subtle changes with no clear distinction between hemispheres

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13
Q

In the context of inter-hemispheric dynamics, what is the role of the inhibition model?

Answer:
a) Prevents interference; stimulation of one hemisphere suppresses activity in the other
b) Promotes collaboration; hemispheres work together in complex tasks
c) Ensures lateralization; blocks communication between hemispheres
d) Tests for split-brain syndrome; measures conscious awareness

A

a) Prevents interference; stimulation of one hemisphere suppresses activity in the other

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14
Q

How do recent studies on split-brain models shift the focus in understanding the hemispheres?

Answer:
a) Focus on lateralization; measurement of hemispheric dominance
b) Focus on memory retrieval; investigation of conscious awareness
c) Focus on structural and functional connectivity; exploration of communication between hemispheres
d) Focus on language processing; examination of split-brain syndrome

A

c) Focus on structural and functional connectivity; exploration of communication between hemispheres

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15
Q

What does the chimeric face test assess, and how is it scored?

Answer:
a) Assess cognitive flexibility; scored by counting rightward biases
b) Assess spatial attention; scored by counting pairs with attentional bias
c) Assess language dominance; scored by counting leftward biases
d) Assess affective disposition; scored by dividing left/right bias with the total number of pairs

A

d) Assess affective disposition; scored by dividing left/right bias with the total number of pairs

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16
Q

How do split-brain patients often demonstrate the concept of plasticity?

Answer:
a) Clear-cut distinction between hemispheres
b) Complete loss of certain functions
c) Subtle changes in behavior over time
d) No changes in cognitive abilities

A

c) Subtle changes in behavior over time

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17
Q

According to the ROBBIA model, what is the role of the left fronto-parietal network in executive functioning?

Answer:
a) Criterion setting
b) Monitoring
c) Inhibition
d) Cooperation

A

a) Criterion setting

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18
Q

In split-brain models, what did Roger Sperry’s commissurotomies aim to treat?

Answer:
a) Language disorders
b) Executive dysfunctions
c) Generalized drug-resistant epilepsy
d) Memory retrieval deficits

A

c) Generalized drug-resistant epilepsy

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19
Q

According to the HERA model, what does the left prefrontal cortex primarily process during memory encoding?

Answer:
a) Verbal material
b) Spatial information
c) Motor planning
d) Emotional stimuli

A

a) Verbal material

20
Q

What is the primary focus of the VMHC (Voxel Mirrored Homotopic Connectivity) analysis in split-brain studies?

Answer:
a) Memory retrieval
b) Interhemispheric connectivity
c) Executive functioning
d) Spatial attention

A

b) Interhemispheric connectivity

21
Q

In testing hemispheric preference, what does the chimeric face test primarily measure?

Answer:
a) Executive functions
b) Spatial attention
c) Affective disposition
d) Hemispheric dominance

A

c) Affective disposition

22
Q

What phenomenon is associated with the term “pseudo-neglect”?

Answer:
a) Leftward perceptual bias in healthy individuals
b) Inhibition of motor responses in spatial tasks
c) Rightward perceptual bias in patients with neurological lesions
d) Memory retrieval deficits in split-brain patients

A

a) Leftward perceptual bias in healthy individuals

23
Q

According to the ROBBIA model, what is energization in the context of executive functioning?

Answer:
a) Criterion setting
b) Inhibition of irrelevant information
c) Boosting cognitive processes for tiredness/boredom
d) Monitoring task rules

A

c) Boosting cognitive processes for tiredness/boredom

24
Q

How is the asymmetry for episodic memory characterized according to the HERA model?

Answer:
a) Left prefrontal cortex for encoding, right prefrontal cortex for retrieval
b) Right prefrontal cortex for encoding, left prefrontal cortex for retrieval
c) Both hemispheres equally involved in encoding and retrieval
d) Left hemisphere exclusively involved in both encoding and retrieval

A

a) Left prefrontal cortex for encoding, right prefrontal cortex for retrieval

25
Q

In the context of neuroanatomical asymmetries, what does the asymmetry of the planum temporale predict?

Answer:
a) Motor planning
b) Language laterality
c) Spatial attention
d) Inhibition of motor responses

A

b) Language laterality

26
Q

What is the primary role of the right fronto-parietal network, according to the ROBBIA model?

Answer:
a) Monitoring task rules
b) Executive functions
c) Inhibition of irrelevant information
d) Boosting cognitive processes for tiredness/boredom

A

a) Monitoring task rules

27
Q

How is the Brain Torque associated with neuroanatomical asymmetries?

Answer:
a) Predicts language laterality
b) Complementary protrusions relative to the other hemisphere
c) Enhances spatial attention
d) Inhibits motor responses

A

b) Complementary protrusions relative to the other hemisphere

28
Q

What does the asymmetry of the Sylvian fissure likely derive from?

Answer:
a) Brain Torque
b) Neuroanatomical asymmetries
c) Planum temporale asymmetry
d) Spatial attention bias

A

a) Brain Torque

29
Q

According to the ROBBIA model, what does the left fronto-parietal network primarily handle during executive functioning?

Answer:
a) Monitoring task rules
b) Inhibition of irrelevant information
c) Energization for tiredness/boredom
d) Criterion setting

A

d) Criterion setting

30
Q

What does the PET study mentioned in the context of monitoring suggest about verbal tasks requiring high levels of monitoring?

Answer:
a) Activation of the left PFC
b) Activation of the right PFC
c) Activation of both hemispheres equally
d) Inhibition of motor responses

A

b) Activation of the right PFC

31
Q

What is the primary role of the arcuate fasciculus in the context of white matter asymmetry?

Answer:
a) Predicts speech recovery from post-stroke aphasia
b) Lateralization linked to hand preference
c) Predicts language dominance
d) Enhances spatial attention

A

a) Predicts speech recovery from post-stroke aphasia

32
Q

How is the lateralization of language laterality predicted according to the Wada test?

Answer:
a) Left asymmetry of the planum temporale
b) Right asymmetry of the planum temporale
c) Left dominance for spatial attention
d) Right dominance for spatial attention

A

a) Left asymmetry of the planum temporale

33
Q

What does the Brain Torque primarily involve?

Answer:
a) White matter asymmetry
b) Complementary protrusions relative to the other hemisphere
c) Executive functions
d) Motor planning asymmetry

A

b) Complementary protrusions relative to the other hemisphere

34
Q

According to the models of inter-hemispheric dynamics, what is the primary focus of the cooperation model?

Answer:
a) Inhibition of irrelevant information
b) Prevention of interference between hemispheres
c) Collaboration in complex tasks
d) Optimization of spatial attention

A

c) Collaboration in complex tasks

35
Q

How is the lateralization of monitoring functionally tested?

Answer:
a) Chimeric face test
b) Foreperiod paradigm
c) Episodic memory task
d) Visuospatial decision-making task

A

b) Foreperiod paradigm

36
Q

What is the primary role of the right hemisphere in implicit temporal preparation, as suggested by studies?

Answer:
a) Leftward perceptual bias
b) Optimization of spatial attention
c) Inhibition of motor responses
d) Monitoring the conditional probability of target occurrence

A

d) Monitoring the conditional probability of target occurrence

37
Q

According to the HERA model, what is the left prefrontal cortex primarily responsible for during episodic memory tasks?

Answer:
a) Retrieval
b) Monitoring task rules
c) Encoding
d) Inhibition of irrelevant information

A

c) Encoding

38
Q

According to the models of inter-hemispheric dynamics, what is the primary focus of the inhibition model?

Answer:
a) Collaboration in complex tasks
b) stimulation of one hemisphere suppresses activity in the other
c) Optimization of spatial attention
d) Inhibition of irrelevant information

A

b) stimulation of one hemisphere suppresses activity in the other

39
Q

How is the lateralization of executive functioning assessed according to the ROBBIA model?

Answer:
a) Chimeric face test
b) Foreperiod paradigm
c) Rotman-Baycrest Battery
d) Task-switching paradigm

A

c) Rotman-Baycrest Battery

40
Q

In the context of functional asymmetries, what function is primarily associated with right dominance, according to studies on spatial attention?

Answer:
a) Language processing
b) Face processing
c) Motor planning
d) Inhibition of irrelevant information

A

b) Face processing

41
Q

According to the neuroanatomical asymmetry , what is usually longer and less curved on the left side in most brains?

Answer:
a) Planum temporale
b) Wernicke’s area
c) Cortico-spinal tract
d) Sylvian fissure

A

d) Sylvian fissure

42
Q

What is the primary role of the right hemisphere?

Answer:
a) Language processing
b) Face processing
c) Processing of non-verbal stimuli and spatial attention
d) Inhibition of irrelevant information

A

b) Face processing and c) Processing of non-verbal stimuli and spatial attention

43
Q

According to the HERA model, which hemisphere is responsible for retrieval during episodic memory tasks?

Answer:
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres equally
d) Medial structures

A

b) Right hemisphere

44
Q

What is the primary role of the fronto-parietal tract, particularly its first (dorsal) segment?

Answer:
a) Encoding new memories
b) Motor planning and visuospatial/visuomotor integration
c) Monitoring task rules
d) Energization for tiredness/boredom

A

b) Motor planning and visuospatial/visuomotor integration

45
Q

In the context of white matter asymmetry, which tract is strongly left-lateralized in both volume and caliber of the fibers?

Answer:
a) Fronto-parietal tract
b) Cortico-spinal tract
c) Arcuate fasciculus
d) Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

c) Arcuate fasciculus
Not strongly left-lateralized as a whole,but its fronto-temporal segment is extremely left-lateralized

Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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