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Question 1

What is the term used for the collaboration between the hemispheres?

Answer 1

Hemispheric collaboration is known to be essential for normal functioning.

Question 2

What is the term for the oversimplified distinction between logical and creative abilities in the hemispheres?

Answer 2

The oversimplified distinction is known as a gross oversimplification.

Question 3

In the 70s, what branch of psychology aimed to understand how the brain influences cognitive processes?

Answer 3

Cognitive neuropsychology aimed to understand the influence of the brain on cognitive processes.

Question 4

What is the importance of single case patient studies in cognitive neuropsychology?

Answer 4

Single case patient studies provide in-depth knowledge and detailed descriptions of individuals, helping to understand the organization of normal cognitive systems.

Question 5

What are the pros of single case studies in neuropsychology?

Answer 5

Pros include no average artifact, detailed descriptions, compatibility with clinical work, identification of exceptions, and studying rare events.

Question 6

What are the cons of single case studies?

Answer 6

Cons include limited generalization, potential for selection bias, and the potential for subjective interpretation.

Question 7

Give an example of a single case study mentioned in the text.

Answer 7

An example is the progressive macrographia for block letters study by Semenza et al. (2021).

Question 8

What is the term for the method used extensively in academic neuropsychology, especially in single case studies?

Answer 8

Dissociations are extensively used in academic neuropsychology, particularly in single case studies.

Question 9

What is the classical type of dissociation?

Answer 9

The classical type of dissociation is when X is impaired, but Y is normal.

Question 10

In the context of dissociations, what does strong dissociation indicate?

Answer 10

In strong dissociation, neither X nor Y is normal, but X is significantly more impaired than Y.

Question 11

What is the purpose of double dissociation in studying human cognition?

Answer 11

Double dissociation helps understand the underlying functional architecture of human cognition and rules out task difficulty as an explanation.

Question 12

In single case studies, what might be useful to compare the patient to for a specific test?

Answer 12

Comparing the patient to normative scores for a specific test can be useful in single case studies.

Question 13

Who were Oskar and Cécile Vogt, and what did they contribute to neuroanatomy?

Answer 13

Oskar and Cécile Vogt were German neuroanatomists who developed a myeloarchitectonic map of the brain with 250 distinguished areas.

Question 14

How many layers make up the neocortex, and what is the primary layer for input?

Answer 14

The neocortex has six layers, and the molecular layer (layer I) is the primary layer for input.

Question 15

According to Korbinian Brodmann, how many areas did he divide the cerebral cortex into based on cytoarchitectonic differences?

Answer 15

Brodmann divided the cerebral cortex into 52 areas based on cytoarchitectonic differences.

Question 16

What is the term for the idea that regional neuroanatomic differences imply functional specialization?

Answer 16

The term for this idea is structural segregation equals functional segregation.

Question 17

What did Hubel and Wiesel study in 1959 using single cell recording?

Answer 17

Hubel and Wiesel studied single cell recording in a cat’s LGN and V1, revealing the organization of V1 in columns specific for different stimulus features.

Question 18

What are the various features organized in columns in V1, according to Hubel and Wiesel’s study?

Answer 18

Columns in V1 are organized for stimulus orientation, ocular dominance, blobs specialized for color, and frequency contrast.

Question 19

What is the term for the perception of depth through the convergence of bilateral information?

Answer 19

Stereopsis is the perception of depth through the convergence of bilateral information.

Question 20

What is the primary function of associative regions in later processing?

Answer 20

Associative regions give a more complex image of reality by integrating information from primary areas.

Question 21

What is the approach Wilder Penfield used in neurosurgery, and what did he discover about sensory-motor homunculus?

Answer 21

Penfield used awake patients and brain stimulation, discovering the sensory-motor homunculus and eloquent regions.

Question 22

What did Brenda Milner’s studies on patient HM reveal about memory systems?

Answer 22

Milner’s studies identified different components of memory and revealed dissociations between implicit and explicit memory, as well as between episodic and semantic memory.

Question 23

Briefly describe the seven types of aphasia in the Wernicke-Lichtheim model.

Answer 23

The seven types include Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, subcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, and subcortical sensory aphasia.

Question 24

According to Lichtheim, what is the Classical model of aphasia based on?

Answer 24

The Classical model of aphasia is based on clinical evidence and includes seven types of aphasia.

Question 25

What is the focus of connectionism as a complementary approach to localizationism?

Answer 25

Connectionism focuses on how interconnected networks of brain regions give rise to mental and behavioral phenomena.

Question 26

What is the main advantage of a connectionist approach to understanding the brain?

Answer 26

A connectionist approach is considered more respectful of the brain's nature due to its organization in spatial and temporal planes.

Question 27

Who proposed the term diaschisis, and what does it refer to?

Answer 27

Von Monakow proposed the term diaschisis, which refers to a sudden change of function in a brain area connected through white matter to a damaged area.

Question 28

What are the categories of white matter tracts classified by Meynert?

Answer 28

Meynert classified white matter tracts into projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers.

Question 29

What did Broca and Wernicke's works show about localized lesions in the brain?

Answer 29

Broca and Wernicke's works demonstrated that localized lesions could impair specific functions.

Question 29

What does diaschisis refer to in a broader sense in modern understanding?

Answer 29

Diaschisis now refers to modifications of the strength and function of connections in the brain.

Question 30

According to Lichtheim's model, what is the relationship between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?

Answer 30

Lichtheim's model posits a connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area, forming the basis of the Classical model of aphasia.

Question 31

What did Hugo Liepmann contribute to the understanding of apraxia?

Answer 31

Hugo Liepmann contributed a theory on apraxia, highlighting the disconnection between motor areas and posterior sensory brain regions.

Question 32

What is melo-kinetic apraxia, and what brain areas are involved in this condition?

Answer 32

Melo-kinetic apraxia is characterized by difficulty with fine movements and involves damage to premotor areas.

Question 33

What is ideomotor apraxia, and what brain regions are affected by this condition?

Answer 33

Ideomotor apraxia involves difficulty in determining the nature of movements and disruption of kinesthetic memories, affecting areas like the intraparietal sulcus and inferior parietal lobule.

Question 34

What is the term for the inability to perform purposeful skilled actions while overall cognitive functions are intact?

Answer 34

Apraxia is the term for the inability to perform purposeful skilled actions while overall cognitive functions remain intact.

Question 35

What is the primary distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory in the brief taxonomy of memory?

Answer 35

Declarative memory is spatially and temporally characterized and includes episodic/autobiographic and semantic memory, while non-declarative memory includes priming, Pavlovian conditioning, habituation, and non-associative learning.

Question 36

How did neuroimaging contribute to the general understanding of the mind, according to "Images of Mind" by Posner?

Answer 36

Neuroimaging highlighted highly specialized brain areas and allowed the identification of functions at the single-neuron level.

Question 37

What technology allows the scanning of the entire brain and highlights the distribution of some functions?

Answer 37

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of some functions.

Question 38

What are the limits of localizationism mentioned in the text?

Answer 38

Limits of localizationism include a lack of explanation for how different regions interact, and the absence of a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.

Question 39

What is the main focus of connectionism in understanding the brain?

Answer 39

Connectionism focuses on how interconnected networks of brain regions give rise to mental and behavioral phenomena.

Question 40

What are the two main challenges faced by localizationism?

Answer 40

Localizationism faces challenges in explaining interactions between brain regions and the lack of a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.

Question 41

What did William Scoville's surgery on patient HM involve, and what were the outcomes?

Answer 41

Scoville performed bilateral resection of the hippocampus in patient HM to cure epilepsy, resulting in profound anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

Question 42

What did Brenda Milner's studies reveal about patient HM's memory, and what dissociations were identified?

Answer 42

Milner's studies revealed dissociations between implicit and explicit memory and between episodic and semantic memory in patient HM.

Question 43

What are the phases of diaschisis, and what does it refer to in a broader sense?

Answer 43

Diaschisis undergoes gradual regression in well-defined phases, and in a broader sense, it refers to modifications of strength and function of connections.

Question 44

What is the significance of Broca and Wernicke's works in understanding the brain?

Answer 44

Broca and Wernicke's works demonstrated that localized lesions in the brain could impair specific functions.

Question 45

What does the Classical model of aphasia propose about the relationship between brain regions and language functions?

Answer 45

The Classical model of aphasia proposes specific relationships between brain regions and language functions, forming the basis for understanding different types of aphasia.

Question 46

What is the primary distinction between melo-kinetic and ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 46

Melo-kinetic apraxia involves difficulty with fine movements, while ideomotor apraxia involves difficulty in determining the nature of movements.

Question 47

According to the brief taxonomy of memory, what characterizes declarative memory?

Answer 47

Declarative memory is spatially and temporally characterized, including episodic/autobiographic and semantic memory.

Question 48

What technology allows scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of some functions?

Answer 48

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) enables scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of functions.

Question 49

What are the main challenges faced by localizationism in understanding the complexity of the mind-brain relationship?

Answer 49

Localizationism faces challenges in explaining how different brain regions interact and communicate to produce functions, and it lacks a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.