Page 6-10 Flashcards
What is the term used for the collaboration between the hemispheres?
Hemispheric collaboration is known to be essential for normal functioning.
What is the term for the oversimplified distinction between logical and creative abilities in the hemispheres?
The oversimplified distinction is known as a gross oversimplification.
In the 70s, what branch of psychology aimed to understand how the brain influences cognitive processes?
Cognitive neuropsychology aimed to understand the influence of the brain on cognitive processes.
What is the importance of single case patient studies in cognitive neuropsychology?
Single case patient studies provide in-depth knowledge and detailed descriptions of individuals, helping to understand the organization of normal cognitive systems.
What are the pros of single case studies in neuropsychology?
Pros include no average artifact, detailed descriptions, compatibility with clinical work, identification of exceptions, and studying rare events.
What are the cons of single case studies?
Cons include limited generalization, potential for selection bias, and the potential for subjective interpretation.
Give an example of a single case study mentioned in the text.
An example is the progressive macrographia for block letters study by Semenza et al. (2021).
What is the term for the method used extensively in academic neuropsychology, especially in single case studies?
Dissociations are extensively used in academic neuropsychology, particularly in single case studies.
What is the classical type of dissociation?
The classical type of dissociation is when X is impaired, but Y is normal.
In the context of dissociations, what does strong dissociation indicate?
In strong dissociation, neither X nor Y is normal, but X is significantly more impaired than Y.
What is the purpose of double dissociation in studying human cognition?
Double dissociation helps understand the underlying functional architecture of human cognition and rules out task difficulty as an explanation.
In single case studies, what might be useful to compare the patient to for a specific test?
Comparing the patient to normative scores for a specific test can be useful in single case studies.
Who were Oskar and Cécile Vogt, and what did they contribute to neuroanatomy?
Oskar and Cécile Vogt were German neuroanatomists who developed a myeloarchitectonic map of the brain with 250 distinguished areas.
How many layers make up the neocortex, and what is the primary layer for input?
The neocortex has six layers, and the molecular layer (layer I) is the primary layer for input.
According to Korbinian Brodmann, how many areas did he divide the cerebral cortex into based on cytoarchitectonic differences?
Brodmann divided the cerebral cortex into 52 areas based on cytoarchitectonic differences.
What is the term for the idea that regional neuroanatomic differences imply functional specialization?
The term for this idea is structural segregation equals functional segregation.
What did Hubel and Wiesel study in 1959 using single cell recording?
Hubel and Wiesel studied single cell recording in a cat’s LGN and V1, revealing the organization of V1 in columns specific for different stimulus features.
What are the various features organized in columns in V1, according to Hubel and Wiesel’s study?
Columns in V1 are organized for stimulus orientation, ocular dominance, blobs specialized for color, and frequency contrast.
What is the term for the perception of depth through the convergence of bilateral information?
Stereopsis is the perception of depth through the convergence of bilateral information.
What is the primary function of associative regions in later processing?
Associative regions give a more complex image of reality by integrating information from primary areas.
What is the approach Wilder Penfield used in neurosurgery, and what did he discover about sensory-motor homunculus?
Penfield used awake patients and brain stimulation, discovering the sensory-motor homunculus and eloquent regions.
What did Brenda Milner’s studies on patient HM reveal about memory systems?
Milner’s studies identified different components of memory and revealed dissociations between implicit and explicit memory, as well as between episodic and semantic memory.
Briefly describe the seven types of aphasia in the Wernicke-Lichtheim model.
The seven types include Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, subcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, and subcortical sensory aphasia.
According to Lichtheim, what is the Classical model of aphasia based on?
The Classical model of aphasia is based on clinical evidence and includes seven types of aphasia.
What is the focus of connectionism as a complementary approach to localizationism?
Connectionism focuses on how interconnected networks of brain regions give rise to mental and behavioral phenomena.
What is the main advantage of a connectionist approach to understanding the brain?
A connectionist approach is considered more respectful of the brain’s nature due to its organization in spatial and temporal planes.
Who proposed the term diaschisis, and what does it refer to?
Von Monakow proposed the term diaschisis, which refers to a sudden change of function in a brain area connected through white matter to a damaged area.
What are the categories of white matter tracts classified by Meynert?
Meynert classified white matter tracts into projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers.
What did Broca and Wernicke’s works show about localized lesions in the brain?
Broca and Wernicke’s works demonstrated that localized lesions could impair specific functions.
What does diaschisis refer to in a broader sense in modern understanding?
Diaschisis now refers to modifications of the strength and function of connections in the brain.
According to Lichtheim’s model, what is the relationship between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?
Lichtheim’s model posits a connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, forming the basis of the Classical model of aphasia.
What did Hugo Liepmann contribute to the understanding of apraxia?
Hugo Liepmann contributed a theory on apraxia, highlighting the disconnection between motor areas and posterior sensory brain regions.
What is melo-kinetic apraxia, and what brain areas are involved in this condition?
Melo-kinetic apraxia is characterized by difficulty with fine movements and involves damage to premotor areas.
What is ideomotor apraxia, and what brain regions are affected by this condition?
Ideomotor apraxia involves difficulty in determining the nature of movements and disruption of kinesthetic memories, affecting areas like the intraparietal sulcus and inferior parietal lobule.
What is the term for the inability to perform purposeful skilled actions while overall cognitive functions are intact?
Apraxia is the term for the inability to perform purposeful skilled actions while overall cognitive functions remain intact.
What is the primary distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory in the brief taxonomy of memory?
Declarative memory is spatially and temporally characterized and includes episodic/autobiographic and semantic memory, while non-declarative memory includes priming, Pavlovian conditioning, habituation, and non-associative learning.
How did neuroimaging contribute to the general understanding of the mind, according to “Images of Mind” by Posner?
Neuroimaging highlighted highly specialized brain areas and allowed the identification of functions at the single-neuron level.
What technology allows the scanning of the entire brain and highlights the distribution of some functions?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) allows scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of some functions.
What are the limits of localizationism mentioned in the text?
Limits of localizationism include a lack of explanation for how different regions interact, and the absence of a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.
What is the main focus of connectionism in understanding the brain?
Connectionism focuses on how interconnected networks of brain regions give rise to mental and behavioral phenomena.
What are the two main challenges faced by localizationism?
Localizationism faces challenges in explaining interactions between brain regions and the lack of a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.
What did William Scoville’s surgery on patient HM involve, and what were the outcomes?
Scoville performed bilateral resection of the hippocampus in patient HM to cure epilepsy, resulting in profound anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
What did Brenda Milner’s studies reveal about patient HM’s memory, and what dissociations were identified?
Milner’s studies revealed dissociations between implicit and explicit memory and between episodic and semantic memory in patient HM.
What are the phases of diaschisis, and what does it refer to in a broader sense?
Diaschisis undergoes gradual regression in well-defined phases, and in a broader sense, it refers to modifications of strength and function of connections.
What is the significance of Broca and Wernicke’s works in understanding the brain?
Broca and Wernicke’s works demonstrated that localized lesions in the brain could impair specific functions.
What does the Classical model of aphasia propose about the relationship between brain regions and language functions?
The Classical model of aphasia proposes specific relationships between brain regions and language functions, forming the basis for understanding different types of aphasia.
What is the primary distinction between melo-kinetic and ideomotor apraxia?
Melo-kinetic apraxia involves difficulty with fine movements, while ideomotor apraxia involves difficulty in determining the nature of movements.
According to the brief taxonomy of memory, what characterizes declarative memory?
Declarative memory is spatially and temporally characterized, including episodic/autobiographic and semantic memory.
What technology allows scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of some functions?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) enables scanning the entire brain and highlighting the distribution of functions.
What are the main challenges faced by localizationism in understanding the complexity of the mind-brain relationship?
Localizationism faces challenges in explaining how different brain regions interact and communicate to produce functions, and it lacks a one-to-one correspondence between region and function.
