Page 36-40 Flashcards by Mathias Andersen

What is the term derived from physics that refers to the capacity of the nervous system to change its organization?

a) Neurogenesis
b) Neuroplasticity
c) Ablation
d) Synaptogenesis

b) Neuroplasticity

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According to Corballis, what could be an advantage of cerebral asymmetries in humans?

a) Increased redundancy
b) Enhanced conflict
c) Computational convenience
d) Reduced specialization

c) Computational convenience

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What is crossed aphasia, as mentioned in the text?

a) Aphasia caused by a left lesion in a left-handed patient
b) Aphasia caused by a right lesion in a right-handed patient
c) Aphasia caused by a left lesion in a right-handed patient
d) Aphasia caused by a right lesion in a left-handed patient

b) Aphasia caused by a right lesion in a right-handed patient

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In which sports have left-handed players been found to have an advantage, according to the text?

a) Soccer
b) Tennis
c) Basketball
d) Golf

c) Basketball

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What is the term used to describe the process where an individual outsources information to others within a society, rather than remembering the information itself?

a) Neural outsourcing
b) Transactive memory
c) Cognitive offloading
d) Memory augmentation

b) Transactive memory

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According to the study by Dong & Potenza (2015), what is the behavioral advantage of using the internet for information retrieval?

a) Slower search–remember process
b) Higher accuracy in recall
c) Faster search–remember process
d) Increased confidence in recall

c) Faster search–remember process

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Which brain region’s activation correlates positively with self-reported impulses to use the internet when encountering novel items?

a) Medial Temporal Gyrus (MTG)
b) Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)
c) Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
d) Limbic System

b) Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)

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What is Dunbar’s number, and how many friends does it approximately represent?

a) 50 friends, representing close relationships
b) 100 friends, representing social acquaintances
c) 150 friends, representing the maximum social network size
d) 200 friends, representing online connections

c) 150 friends, representing the maximum social network size

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What brain region’s gray matter volume correlates with the size of the social network and mentalizing capacity?

a) Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
b) Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)
c) Limbic System
d) Medial Temporal Gyrus (MTG)

b) Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)

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According to the pre-registered fMRI study by Salomon et al. (2021), what brain structures showed a volumetric increase following the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns?

a) Frontal lobes
b) Amygdalae, putamen, and amTC
c) Occipital lobes
d) Hippocampus and thalamus

b) Amygdalae, putamen, and amTC

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What type of plasticity involves the brain’s ability to modify its physical structure?

a) Functional neuroplasticity
b) Cross-modal reassignment
c) Structural neuroplasticity
d) Compensatory masquerade/activation

c) Structural neuroplasticity

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In the context of neuroplasticity, what does the Hebbian rule state?

a) Neurons that fire together, wire apart
b) Neurons that fire apart, wire together
c) Neurons that fire together, wire together
d) Neurons that fire randomly, wire randomly

c) Neurons that fire together, wire together

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What does the law of equipotentiality propose?

a) The brain’s inability to change after birth
b) The capacity of any intact portion of the brain to carry out functions lost by damage to other areas
c) The brain’s resistance to environmental enrichment
d) The fixed organization of neural circuits after birth

b) The capacity of any intact portion of the brain to carry out functions lost by damage to other areas

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What is the term for the process where a brain region deprived of its main modality inputs starts showing new inputs from a different modality?

a) Homologous area adaptation
b) Cross-modal reassignment
c) Map expansion
d) Compensatory masquerade/activation

b) Cross-modal reassignment

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According to the study by Henkel (2014), what is the effect of taking photos on memory?

a) Improved memory retention
b) No impact on memory
c) Photo-taking memory-impairment effect
d) Enhanced attentional focus

c) Photo-taking memory-impairment effect

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What did Erik Kandel believe about learning and its impact on the brain?

a) Learning does not activate long-term anatomic changes
b) Learning only affects short-term memory
c) Learning activates long-term anatomic changes
d) Learning has no connection to neuroplasticity

c) Learning activates long-term anatomic changes

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What phenomenon does phantom limb in amputees refer to?

a) A loss of consciousness
b) Pain sensation in a nonexistent limb after amputation
c) An increased number of limbs after amputation
d) Anomalous proprioceptive sensation in an amputated limb

b) Pain sensation in a nonexistent limb after amputation
d) Anomalous proprioceptive sensation in an amputated limb

According to the text, what does the neuroplasticity-related phenomenon of tinnitus involve?

a) Loss of auditory function
b) Hyper-excitation in the auditory system at a specific frequency
c) Absence of auditory stimuli
d) Sensation of phantom limbs

b) Hyper-excitation in the auditory system at a specific frequency

What is the possible cure suggested in the text for tinnitus-related maladaptive plasticity?

a) Pharmacological intervention
b) Imaginary movements
c) Mirror box therapy
d) Filtering out the tinnitus frequency from musical stimulation

d) Filtering out the tinnitus frequency from musical stimulation

How did participants in the experimental group experience changes in tinnitus loudness according to the Pantev et al. (2012) study?

a) Increased loudness
b) No change in loudness
c) Significantly reduced loudness
d) Gradual reduction in loudness over time

c) Significantly reduced loudness

According to the text, what process does environmental enrichment stimulate?

a) Synaptogenesis
b) Neurogenesis
c) Pruning of unused connections
d) Apoptosis of neurons

a) Synaptogenesis

What did William James state about organic matter, especially nervous tissue?

a) It is rigid and unchangeable
b) It is endowed with a degree of plasticity
c) It is resistant to environmental influences
d) It is incapable of learning

b) It is endowed with a degree of plasticity

What type of neuroplasticity allows the brain to modify its functional organization in different ways?

a) Structural neuroplasticity
b) Compensatory masquerade/activation
c) Homologous area adaptation
d) Functional neuroplasticity

d) Functional neuroplasticity

According to the study on London taxi drivers (Maguire et al., 2000), what brain region showed increased gray matter volume proportional to taxi driving experience?

a) Prefrontal cortex
b) Hippocampus
c) Medial Temporal Gyrus (MTG)
d) Visual cortex

b) Hippocampus

What does the PASA (Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging) model propose? a) Increased posterior activation during memory tasks in older adults b) Reduced activation in prefrontal regions during memory tasks in older adults c) Increased prefrontal activation during memory tasks in older adults d) No changes in brain activation with aging

c) Increased prefrontal activation during memory tasks in older adults

According to the text, what is transactive memory? a) The process of outsourcing information to other individuals b) The process of recalling information from memory c) The process of forgetting information over time d) The process of consolidating memories during sleep

a) The process of outsourcing information to other individuals

In the context of neural bases of social life, what does Dunbar's number refer to? a) The number of neurons in the social brain b) The maximum social network size a person can effectively manage c) The size of the amygdala, correlating with social interactions d) The total number of social connections in a society

b) The maximum social network size a person can effectively manage

According to the fMRI study by Mwilambwe-Tshilobo et al. (2019), what brain regions show altered functional connectivity in individuals experiencing loneliness? a) Frontal lobes and parietal lobes b) Limbic system and DMN c) Temporal lobe and occipital lobe d) Amygdalae and putamen

b) Limbic system and DMN

What does the law of equipotentiality propose regarding the brain? a) The brain is hard-wired soon after birth b) The brain is resistant to environmental influences c) Any intact portion of the brain can carry out functions lost by damage to other areas d) The brain is not modifiable after birth

c) Any intact portion of the brain can carry out functions lost by damage to other areas

According to Corballis, what is a possible advantage of cerebral asymmetries? a) Increased redundancy b) Minimization of redundancy and conflict c) Duplicated neural substrate d) Random lateralization

b) Minimization of redundancy and conflict

How is lateralization of language assessed nowdays? a) Using Wada Test b) Through fMRI or TMS c) Correlating with mixed handedness d) Measuring Broca's area volume

b) Through fMRI or TMS

What is the process of reorganizing networks to support specific functions after brain damage? a) Homologous area adaptation b) Cross-modal reassignment c) Map expansion d) Compensatory masquerade/activation

d) Compensatory masquerade/activation

What is the term for the set of factors that change the brain's biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology during an individual's lifespan? a) Cognitive reserve b) Ambiome c) Neurogenesis d) Transactive memory

b) Ambiome

How does the internet affect the brain's activation during searching activities? a) Higher activation in the left ventral stream b) Lower activation in the middle frontal cortex c) Lower accuracy and confidence in recall d) No impact on brain activation

b) Lower activation in the middle frontal cortex c) Lower accuracy and confidence in recall

What phenomenon involves an increase in GM volume in certain brain areas with skilled practice or exposure to a stimulus? a) Phantom limb b) Structural neuroplasticity c) Cross-modal reassignment d) Map expansion

b) Structural neuroplasticity

In the context of neuroplasticity, what is maladaptive plasticity? a) Functional reorganization b) Reversible reorganization of somatotopic maps c) Inefficient compensation for brain damage d) Changes in brain structure that are not beneficial

d) Changes in brain structure that are not beneficial

How does the volume of the vmPFC correlate with social network size and mentalizing capacity? a) Negative correlation b) Positive correlation c) No correlation d) Inverse correlation

b) Positive correlation

According to fMRI results, what correlates with loneliness in terms of functional connectivity? a) Increased efficiency of neural communication within DMN b) Increased efficiency of neural communication between limbic system and DMN c) Decreased efficiency of neural communication within DMN d) Decreased efficiency of neural communication between limbic system and DMN

c) Decreased efficiency of neural communication within DMN d) Decreased efficiency of neural communication between limbic system and DMN

What is Dunbar's number related to? a) Memory capacity b) Internet usage c) Social network size d) Brain plasticity

c) Social network size

How do faces contribute to social communication on the internet? a) Prefer video calls over other forms of communication b) Are less important in virtual interactions c) Are not relevant to social stimuli d) Are not affected by Dunbar's number

a) Prefer video calls over other forms of communication