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Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience > Page 16-20 > Flashcards

Page 16-20 Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed a model of cortical functioning and damage recovery based on clinical data from WWI veterans?

A

Kurt Goldstein

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2
Q

What disappointment led Kurt Goldstein to develop holistic views of the brain?

A

Disappointment with the results of isolation analysis in medical practice.

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3
Q

According to Kurt Goldstein, what are the two kinds of investigation for understanding brain function?

A

In-depth analysis of the patient (localization of performance) and follow-up through recovery.

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4
Q

What did Kurt Goldstein’s holistic theory of organism draw inspiration from?

A

The Gestalt theory.

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5
Q

Who was the first to study the connection between the brain and behavior?

A

Donald Hebb

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6
Q

According to Donald Hebb, what is the key principle behind synaptic connection and learning?

A

Neurons that fire together, wire together. (Hebbian rule)

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7
Q

What did Karl Lashley contribute to neuropsychology, and what is the law of mass action?

A

Coined the term Neuropsychology; Law of mass action: higher functions are distributed across the cortex.

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8
Q

What criticism was raised against Karl Lashley’s mass action law?

A

Task impurity - the measurement of functions in a complex task involves multiple brain areas, making it challenging to isolate specific functions.

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9
Q

What did Roger Sperry’s split-brain studies reveal, and how did it contradict holism?

A

The two hemispheres do different things, contradicting the idea of holism.

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10
Q

Who reviewed almost 300 studies with lesions in monkeys, and what did they find?

A

Eva Irle; Identified the importance of lesion localization in monkeys and observed paradoxical functioning.

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11
Q

What is Gerald Edelman’s reentry theory, and what does it propose about consciousness?

A

Reentry theory suggests that consciousness arises from the recursive bidirectional exchange of signals among widely distributed groups of neurons.

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12
Q

What is Karl Pribram’s controversial holographic model of the brain, and what does it propose about consciousness?

A

Holographic model suggests that bits of long-term memory are distributed over a dendritic arbor, and consciousness results from quantum effects in or between neurons.

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13
Q

What did John Duncan observe regarding frontal and parietal regions in the brain?

A

Observed the Multiple Demands System (MDS), which is active for complex, multi-component behavior.

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14
Q

What is the Human Connectome Project, and when did it start?

A

The Human Connectome Project is an NIH initiative started in 2009 to map the functional and anatomical structure of the healthy brain.

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15
Q

What is the Human Brain Project, and what is its goal?

A

The Human Brain Project is a 10-year EU project focused on super-computer simulations to build an infrastructure of data for neuroscience and clinical research.

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16
Q

What is the Blue Brain Project, and when did it start?

A

The Blue Brain Project is a Swiss initiative that started in 2005, aiming to digitally reconstruct a mouse’s brain (connectome).

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17
Q

What is the Connectome, and how is it defined?

A

The Connectome is a matrix representing all possible anatomical connections between brain elements. It can refer to the matrix of anatomical connections or functional interactions.

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18
Q

What are the two types of matrices associated with the Connectome?

A

Matrix of anatomical connections between brain units and Matrix of functional interactions based on physiological processes.

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19
Q

How does Seung describe the human Connectome?

A

Seung describes it as a metaphorical riverbed that guides neuronal activity and is modified by it, continuously changing.

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20
Q

What are some of the current brain projects aimed at understanding the brain from a connectomics perspective?

A

Human Connectome Project, Human Brain Project, Blue Brain Project, Cajal Blue Brain Project, China Brain Project, Brain/Mind, and Brain Initiative.

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21
Q

What is the principle behind the connectionist approach in brain graph theory?

A

The connectionist approach focuses on understanding how networks are more than the sum of their components, emphasizing the microscopic level.

22
Q

What are some challenges in brain graph theory?

A

Challenges include demonstrating the robustness of graph theory measures, convergence of structural and functional networks, and the impact of different analysis pipelines.

23
Q

What is the relationship between biological networks and graph theory in brain analysis?

A

Biological networks are constrained in spatial dimensions (3D) and fluctuate dynamically over time (4D). Brain network analysis must incorporate graph topology (5D) to understand the organization of links between elements.

24
Q

What role do astrocytes play in the brain?

A

Astrocytes have various functions, including promoting myelination, providing nutrients to neurons, modulating synaptic exchange, and vasomodulation.

25
Q

What is the hourglass model in the context of ontogeny and phylogeny?

A

The hourglass model suggests that embryos start from different points, reach a common phase, and later develop species-specific forms, challenging the idea of strict recapitulation.

26
Q

What is clade, and how is it relevant in studying brain evolution?

A

Clade is a group of organisms that evolve from a common ancestor. Studying the evolution of the brain in primates, a clade, provides insights into how the human brain functions.

27
Q

How can we study brain evolution, and what methods are used?

A

Methods include studying cranial evolution by measuring cranial capacity, using endocasts, studying genome phylogeny, and analyzing fossils with radiometric dating.

28
Q

What are the two main turning points in brain evolution?

A

The emergence of the primate cerebral cortex and the overcoming of natural selection.

29
Q

What is the significance of the active growth hypothesis in brain evolution?

A

Active growth suggests that increasing brain size relative to body size (rather than passive growth) may be the basis for higher cognitive abilities.

30
Q

How does the study of Neanderthal vs. Sapiens endocranial shapes contribute to understanding brain evolution?

A

Differences in endocranial globularity between Neanderthals and Sapiens provide insights into cognitive abilities, and the introgression of Neanderthal DNA in humans may be associated with reduced globularity.

31
Q

What is the hypothesis regarding the role of cooking in brain evolution?

A

Cooking may have played a role in brain evolution by providing more energy, allowing better digestion, and freeing up time for developing new skills.

32
Q

What does the hourglass model propose in terms of embryo development?

A

The hourglass model suggests that embryos start from different points, reach a common phase, and later develop species-specific forms, challenging the idea of strict recapitulation.

33
Q

How is carbon-14 used in radiometric dating, and what are its limitations?

A

Carbon-14 is used to date biological fragments based on its decay. However, it has limitations for older finds, and potassium-14 or uranium-238 may be used for longer periods.

34
Q

What is the relationship between Neanderthal DNA introgression and brain globularity in modern humans?

A

Association between the introgression of Neanderthal DNA in Sapiens and reduced cranial globularity, particularly in genes related to myelination and neurogenesis.

35
Q

What is the basis of the hourglass model, and how does it challenge Haeckel’s recapitulation theory?

A

The hourglass model suggests that embryos start from different points, reach a common phase, and then develop species-specific forms. This challenges Haeckel’s strict recapitulation theory.

36
Q

What is the role of clade in the study of brain evolution?

A

Clade refers to a group of organisms evolving from a common ancestor. Studying the evolution of the brain in primates, a clade, provides insights into how the human brain functions.

37
Q

What are the two main turning points in brain evolution mentioned in the text?

A

The emergence of the primate cerebral cortex and the overcoming of natural selection.

38
Q

What is the active growth hypothesis in brain evolution?

A

The active growth hypothesis suggests that increasing brain size relative to body size, rather than passive growth, is the basis for higher cognitive abilities.

39
Q

What are the goals of the Human Connectome Project?

A

The Human Connectome Project aims to map the functional and anatomical structure of the healthy brain and understand differences in developmental, neuropsychological, and psychiatric disorders.

40
Q

What is the goal of the Human Brain Project?

A

The Human Brain Project is a 10-year EU project focused on super-computer simulations to build an infrastructure of data for neuroscience and clinical research.

41
Q

What is the goal of the Blue Brain Project?

A

The Blue Brain Project, a Swiss initiative, aims to digitally reconstruct a mouse’s brain (connectome).

42
Q

What is the Connectome, and how is it defined?

A

The Connectome is a matrix representing all possible anatomical connections between brain elements. It can refer to the matrix of anatomical connections or functional interactions.

43
Q

How does Seung describe the human Connectome?

A

Seung describes it as a metaphorical riverbed that guides neuronal activity and is modified by it, continuously changing.

44
Q

What is the connectionist approach in brain graph theory?

A

The connectionist approach focuses on understanding how networks are more than the sum of their components, emphasizing the microscopic level.

45
Q

What are some challenges in brain graph theory?

A

Challenges include demonstrating the robustness of graph theory measures, convergence of structural and functional networks, and the impact of different analysis pipelines.

46
Q

What is the relationship between biological networks and graph theory in brain analysis?

A

Biological networks are constrained in spatial dimensions (3D) and fluctuate dynamically over time (4D). Brain network analysis must incorporate graph topology (5D) to understand the organization of links between elements.

47
Q

What role do astrocytes play in the brain?

A

Astrocytes have various functions, including promoting myelination, providing nutrients to neurons, modulating synaptic exchange, and vasomodulation.

48
Q

What is the hourglass model in the context of ontogeny and phylogeny?

A

The hourglass model suggests that embryos start from different points, reach a common phase, and later develop species-specific forms, challenging the idea of strict recapitulation.

49
Q

What is clade, and how is it relevant in studying brain evolution?

A

Clade is a group of organisms that evolve from a common ancestor. Studying the evolution of the brain in primates, a clade, provides insights into how the human brain functions.

50
Q

How can we study brain evolution, and what methods are used?

A

Methods include studying cranial evolution by measuring cranial capacity, using endocasts, studying genome phylogeny, and analyzing fossils with radiometric dating.

Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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