Page 11-15 Flashcards
What is ideational apraxia, and which brain lesions are associated with it?
Ideational apraxia is a deficit in conceiving and executing hierarchical complex motor plans. It is associated with ventral lesions, specifically in the TPJ and angular gyrus.
What is the classical test for ideational apraxia?
The classical test for ideational apraxia involves asking the individual to demonstrate tool use with a complex sequence of actions.
Who reported one of the earliest cases of impaired visual recognition of objects, known as agnosia?
Heinrich Lissauer, who was Wernicke’s student.
What is apperceptive agnosia, and what is a characteristic symptom?
Apperceptive agnosia is the inability to correctly perceive an object as a coherent whole due to perceptual deficits. Faces tend to pop out as a characteristic symptom.
What is associative agnosia, and what is a common co-occurring deficit?
Associative agnosia is the inability to ascribe meaning to an object despite an accurate perception. It often co-occurs with anomia.
What is anosognosia, and what is it often associated with?
Anosognosia is the lack of awareness of one’s deficit due to neurological damage. It is often associated with confabulation.
Who proposed a case of alexia without agraphia, and what brain areas were damaged?
Joseph Dejerine proposed a case of alexia without agraphia. The damage involved occipital areas, the splenium of the corpus callosum, optic radiation, and fibers connecting visual cortices to the occipital-angular gyrus.
Define alexia and agraphia.
Alexia is an acquired reading deficit in previously literate adults, while agraphia is an acquired writing deficit in previously literate adults.
What did James Papez identify, and what is the associated circuit called?
James Papez identified a connected network of regions and white matter tracts associated with emotions and episodic memories. It is called the Papez circuit.
Who described two pathways in visual elaboration, and what are these pathways responsible for?
Goodale and Milner described the ventral (what: recognition) and dorsal (where: localization, depth, coordinating movements) pathways. They are responsible for visual processing.
What did Norman Geschwind demonstrate regarding clinical deficits?
Norman Geschwind demonstrated that many clinical deficits could be explained by damaged networks rather than specific brain areas, known as Disconnection Syndrome.
What is Geschwind’s view on the evolution of cross-modality associations?
Geschwind proposed that cross-modality associations evolve from direct connections in lower mammals to limbic system involvement in higher mammals, and in humans, tertiary association cortices are responsible.
According to Geschwind, what is the general function of the angular gyrus?
Geschwind suggested that the angular gyrus has a more general function in the formation of multimodal associations, which is a prerequisite for language and semantics.
Who proposed the two-route model of speech production, and what is it based on?
McCarthy and Warrington proposed the two-route model of speech production, based on the double dissociation of conduction aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia.
What are some challenges with connectionist models in cognitive science?
Challenges include biological plausibility, training methods, and limited coverage for rule-based, high-level processing.
What is voxel lesion symptom mapping (VLSM), and what does it assess?
VLSM assesses the relationship between lesion areas and symptoms, mapping areas responsible for impaired function in a voxel-by-voxel analysis.
What is functional connectivity, and what does it show?
Functional connectivity shows areas that work together without indicating direction. It is based on correlation.
What is the main concept behind Ramon y Cajal’s view of neurons and connections?
Ramon y Cajal viewed neurons as separate entities communicating through synaptic junctions, emphasizing the conservation laws of minimizing axonal wiring cost and conduction delay.
What is the Papez circuit associated with, and what are its main components?
The Papez circuit is associated with emotions and episodic memories. Its main components include the hippocampal formation, mammillary body, thalamic anterior nucleus, and cingulate gyrus.
Who proposed the concept of equipotentiality of the cortex, and what does it suggest?
Flourens proposed the concept of equipotentiality of the cortex, suggesting that mental functions are distributed throughout the whole brain.
