Page 26-30 Flashcards by Mathias Andersen

What is the main consequence of bilateral destruction of the amygdala caused by Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A) Unable to recognize any facial expressions
B) Unable to understand any emotions
C) Unable to recognize fearful faces
D) Unable to recognize happy faces

C) Unable to recognize fearful faces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blindsight in patients with visual field defects suggests:

A) Complete loss of visual abilities
B) Residual visual abilities
C) Loss of recognition and interaction processes
D) Damage to V1 enhances visual recognition

B) Residual visual abilities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do the visual streams start and move anteriorly?

A) Temporal lobe
B) Occipital lobe
C) Parietal lobe
D) Frontal lobe

B) Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the distinction made by the WM model in monkeys proposed by Goldman-Rakic?

A) Object vs Subject
B) Object vs Spatial Working Memory (WM)
C) Auditory vs Visual WM
D) Visual vs Kinesthetic WM

B) Object vs Spatial Working Memory (WM)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in goal-directed behavior?

A) Codes for facial expressions
B) Codes for rewards in goal-directed behavior
C) Regulates motor movements
D) Controls emotional responses

B) Codes for rewards in goal-directed behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Courtney et al., differential activation in the left PFC is linked to:

A) Memory storage only
B) Difference in tasks: remembering location vs identity of faces
C) Language processing
D) Emotional regulation

B) Difference in tasks: remembering location vs identity of faces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which brain region has been localized for short-term memory storage in subsequent studies?

A) Dorsal caudal sulcus
B) OFC
C) Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (vlPFC)
D) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC)

C) Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (vlPFC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What model describes the PFC organization based on a caudo-rostral gradient?

A) Koechlin’s model
B) Miller’s model
C) Fuster’s model
D) Badre’s model

C) Fuster’s model

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Fuster, what are the major functions of the PFC?

A) Executive functions and mediation of cross-temporal contingencies between events
B) Sensory processing only
C) Language processing
D) Motor coordination

A) Executive functions and mediation of cross-temporal contingencies between events

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary function of Miller’s model regarding the PFC?

A) Sensory integration
B) Extracting information about regularities across experiences
C) Controlling motor responses
D) Emotional regulation

B) Extracting information about regularities across experiences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What organizing principles are identified along the rostro-caudal axis in Badre’s model?

A) Memory storage vs manipulation
B) Control of temporally proximate vs extended actions
C) Sensory vs motor representation
D) Hierarchical vs non-hierarchical control

B) Control of temporally proximate vs extended actions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Goodale & Milner’s blindsight phenomenon indicates residual visual abilities in patients due to:

A) Damage in the occipital lobe
B) Damage in V1
C) Damage in the temporal lobe
D) Damage in the parietal lobe

B) Damage in V1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Goldman-Rakic’s WM model, what does the dorsal caudal sulcus principalis specialize in?

A) Object WM
B) Spatial WM
C) Auditory WM
D) Emotional WM

B) Spatial WM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of blindsight demonstrates clear above chance manual localization of ‘unseen’ targets?

A) Color blindsight
B) Action blindsight
C) Orientation blindsight
D) Emotional blindsight

B) Action blindsight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the Goldman-Rakic model propose regarding the distinction between object vs spatial WM in the PFC?

A) Inferior vlPFC vs dorsal caudal sulcus principalis
B) Dorsolateral vs ventrolateral PFC
C) Orbitofrontal vs medial PFC
D) Anterior vs posterior PFC

A) Inferior vlPFC vs dorsal caudal sulcus principalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of activation was observed in Courtney et al. (1996, 1998) during spatial WM tasks?

A) Dorsal activation
B) Ventral activation
C) Medial activation
D) Lateral activation

A) Dorsal activation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In subsequent studies, where have WM processes been localized for short-term memory storage and manipulation?

A) Ventrolateral PFC for storage, dorsolateral PFC for manipulation
B) Ventrolateral PFC for short-term memory storage and dorsolateral PFC for manipulation/monitoring
C) Orbitofrontal cortex for storage, ventromedial PFC for manipulation
D) Dorsolateral PFC for storage, ventrolateral PFC for manipulation

B) Ventrolateral PFC for short-term memory storage and dorsolateral PFC for manipulation/monitoring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Koechlin’s model propose about the hierarchical organization of control in the PFC?

A) All regions equally control actions
B) Control resolves competition among alternative action representations hierarchically
C) Control is independent of other brain regions
D) Control does not exist in the PFC

B) Control resolves competition among alternative action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In which region is the sensory control located, according to Koechlin’s cascade model?

A) Frontal pole cortex
B) PM cortex
C) Anterior DLPFC
D) Posterior PFC

B) PM cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Badre’s control demand model, what drives the organization of the frontal lobes?

A) Sensory input
B) Control demands at increasing levels of abstractions
C) Motor responses
D) Emotional demands

B) Control demands at increasing levels of abstractions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary function of the frontal pole according to Thiebaut de Schotten et al. (2016)?

A) Integration of inputs from supramodal cortex
B) Emotional regulation
C) Motor coordination
D) Sensory integration

A) Integration of inputs from supramodal cortex

What is the primary function of unimodal and transmodal areas according to Mesulam’s model?

A) Integration of information from other areas
B) Sensory processing only
C) Motor coordination
D) Emotional regulation

A) Integration of information from other areas

How does Mesulam’s model explain the emergence of typically human features like symbolic language?

A) Through sensory processing
B) Through synaptic connectivity and the integration of information
C) Through motor coordination
D) Through emotional regulation

B) Through synaptic connectivity and the integration of information

What does Margulies et al. (2016) identify as having higher connectivity in the brain?

A) Primary areas
B) Default Mode Network (DMN)
C) Frontal lobes
D) Sensory areas

B) Default Mode Network (DMN)

What does the resting-state fMRI synchronization of BOLD signals indicate? A) Lower connectivity among regions B) Higher connectivity among regions C) No connectivity among regions D) Emotional synchronization among regions

B) Higher connectivity among regions

What is one of the pending questions about brain gradients and hierarchies? A) How are they developed through experience? B) Why do they appear in different regions? C) The origin and development in the individual - nature vs nurture D) How are they observed in different species?

C) The origin and development in the individual - nature vs nurture

What were the tasks used in Badre & D’Esposito's (2007) study to test their model? A) Emotional recognition tasks B) Tasks involving selection of different S-R mappings C) Motor coordination tasks D) Sensory perception tasks

B) Tasks involving selection of different S-R mappings

Which model proposes a hierarchical change in control demand along the rostro-caudal gradient? A) Badre's model B) Koechlin's model C) Fuster's model D) Miller's model

A) Badre's model

What is the primary function of the frontal lobes according to Badre's model? A) Make decisions about abstract actions and select concrete motor programs B) Control sensory perception C) Motor coordination D) Emotional regulation

A) Make decisions about abstract actions and select concrete motor programs

According to the cascade model by Koechlin, what is the primary function of contextual control? A) Sensory integration B) Adapting actions based on environmental clues C) Emotional regulation D) Memory formation

B) Adapting actions based on environmental clues

In Badre & D’Esposito's study, which task involved the selection of a set of S-R mappings based on episodic information? A) Response task B) Feature task C) Dimension task D) Context task

D) Context task

In the cascade model by Koechlin, what characterizes the top-down control? A) Reduction of uncertainty among possible responses B) Automatic motor responses C) Emotional regulation D) Sensory integration

A) Reduction of uncertainty among possible responses

According to Mesulam's model, what is the primary function of unimodal areas? A) Integration of information from other areas B) Processing information from specific sensory modalities C) Emotional regulation D) Decision-making

B) Processing information from specific sensory modalities

What is the role of the PM cortex in Koechlin's cascade model? A) Decision-making B) Sensory control from stimulus to motor response C) Emotional regulation D) Contextual processing

B) Sensory control from stimulus to motor response

What is the primary function of the fronto-polar cortex in the cascade model by Koechlin? A) Sensory integration B) Motor coordination C) Representing pending temporal contexts D) Emotional regulation

C) Representing pending temporal contexts

According to the cascade model by Koechlin, what is the key characteristic of episodic control? A) Automatic responses B) Emotional regulation C) Action based on ongoing temporal context D) Sensory integration

C) Action based on ongoing temporal context

In the context of Miller's model, what major function does the prefrontal cortex serve? A) Emotional regulation B) Extracting information about regularities across experiences C) Sensory integration D) Motor coordination

B) Extracting information about regularities across experiences

What is the primary role of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in Miller's model? A) Sensory perception B) Manipulation and monitoring in working memory C) Emotional regulation D) Motor control

B) Manipulation and monitoring in working memory

According to Miller's model, what does the activity of most lateral prefrontal cortex neurons reflect? A) Emotional responses B) Associations between cues and rewards C) Sensory integration D) Motor coordination

B) Associations between cues and rewards

What distinguishes the functions of anterior and posterior regions of the prefrontal cortex in Badre's model? A) Anterior regions control temporally extended, abstract representations while posterior regions control temporally proximate, concrete action representations B) Anterior regions control sensory integration while posterior regions control emotional regulation C) Anterior regions control memory formation while posterior regions control motor coordination D) Anterior regions control decision-making while posterior regions control sensory processing

A) Anterior regions control temporally extended, abstract representations while posterior regions control temporally proximate, concrete action representations

What was the primary focus of Mesulam's model in linking unimodal and transmodal areas? A) Emotional regulation B) Integration of information from specific sensory modalities into global representations C) Memory formation D) Motor coordination

B) Integration of information from specific sensory modalities into global representations

What is the main function of the sensory control level in Koechlin's cascade model? A) Relating sensory input to motor responses B) Emotional regulation C) Decision-making D) Memory formation

A) Relating sensory input to motor responses

According to the cascade model by Koechlin, what defines branching control? A) Emotional regulation B) Motor coordination C) Pending temporal context for resumption of tasks D) Sensory integration

C) Pending temporal context for resumption of tasks

What was the central idea about the cascade model proposed by Koechlin regarding the hierarchy of control? A) Emphasizing motor control over sensory perception B) Demonstrating the reduction of uncertainty among possible responses C) Highlighting emotional regulation as the primary function D) Focusing on sensory integration in decision-making

B) Demonstrating the reduction of uncertainty among possible responses

What is the primary role of the frontal pole in the context of Thiebaut de Schotten's study? A) Emotional regulation B) Sensory integration C) Motor coordination D) Integration of inputs and convergence of information

D) Integration of inputs and convergence of information

According to Mesulam's model, what is the key characteristic of transmodal areas in the brain? A) Integration of information from various sensory areas into global representations B) Emotional regulation C) Motor coordination D) Sensory integration

A) Integration of information from various sensory areas into global representations

What does the synaptic architecture of transmodal areas enable, according to Mesulam's model? A) Enhancement of sensory perception B) Emotional regulation C) Losing the stimulus-response bond and enabling more complex behaviors D) Motor coordination

C) Losing the stimulus-response bond and enabling more complex behaviors

What evidence supported Mesulam's model regarding the synaptic connectivity accelerating neuro-cognitive development? A) Resting-state fMRI synchronization of BOLD signals B) Behavioral studies on motor learning C) Studies focusing on sensory processing D) Neuroimaging studies emphasizing emotional regulation

A) Resting-state fMRI synchronization of BOLD signals

What is the key distinction between the innatist and empiricist views on brain gradients and hierarchies? A) Whether they are genetically predetermined or shaped by experience B) Their impact on sensory processing versus motor coordination C) Their role in emotional regulation versus cognitive control D) Whether they influence sensory integration or memory formation

A) Whether they are genetically predetermined or shaped by experience

According to the provided text, what evidence supports the existence of hierarchical organization in the brain? A) Motor learning studies B) Stereotyped neuroanatomical locations across different individuals C) Emotional regulation patterns D) Sensory integration networks

B) Stereotyped neuroanatomical locations across different individuals