Packet #7 Flashcards
Alkane
A hydrocarbon with only single bonds
In a stick structure, an “end” represents how many carbons and how many hydrogens?
One (1) carbon and 3 hydrogens
In a stick structure, a “bend” represents how many carbons and how many hydrogens?
One (1) carbon and 2 hydrogens
In a stick structure, a “branch point” represents how many carbons and how many hydrogens?
One (1) carbon and one (1) hydrogen
Alkene
Hydrocarbons that contain double bonds
Name the common reactions that alkenes undergo
- Hydrogenation (an addition rxn)
- Bromination
- Conversion to alcohols
- Alkene polymerization
Polymer
A long chain like molecule containing thousands of atoms
Monomers
small molecules that can be joined chemically to make polymers
Is polymerization endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
Complete comubstion of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Gas (O2) → Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water
Incomplete combustion
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Gas → Carbon monoxide + Water
Aromatic compound
A ring of 6 carbon atoms with 3 conjugated double bonds. (Benzene example)
Methane
CH4
Ethane
CH3CH3
CH3CH3
Ethane
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH3
Propane
Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Butane
repeat unit
the basic chemical structure of a polymer that repeats over and over again along the length of a polymer chain
polymerization
chemical reaction by which monomers join chemically to form a polymer
Saturdated hydrocarbon
Hydrogen takes up all possible spots on the carbon molecules in the hydrocarbon (alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons)
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Hydrogens are not at every spot of the carbon in a hydrocarbon. (Alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon)
Alkyne
Have a triple Carbon to Carbon bond (burn at 3000 deg C)
Phenyl group
C6H5
Alkyl group
The part of the alkane that remains when a hydrogen atom is removed
Methyl
—CH3
Ethyl
—CH3CH2
n-Propyl
CH3CH2CH2—
Isopropyl
n-Butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2—
sec-Butyl
Isobutyl
tert-Butyl
primary carbon atom
secondary carbon atom
tertiary carbon atom
quaternary carbon atom
A carbon atom with (1,2,3,4) other carbon atoms attached to it.
Properties of alkanes
- low polarity
- insoluble in water
- soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (including other alkanes)
- generally less dense than water
- weak London forces
- melting and boiling points increase with molecular size
Methylene
another name for a CH2 group
Properties of alkenes and alkynes
- bonds in both are nonpolar
- influenced mainly by weak London dispersion forces
- boiling points increase with size of molecules
- insoluble in water
- soluble in nonpolar solvents
- less denwse than water
- flammamble and nontoxic
- alkenes quite reactive because of the double bonds
Addition reaction
gernal reaction in which two reactants add together to form a single product with no atoms “left over”
A + B →C
Elimination reaction
Elimination reaction occurs when a single reactant splits into two products.
A →B + C
Substitution reaction
Occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products.
AB + C →AC + B
Halogenation
The addition of Cl2or Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product
Example: CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → CH2Cl=CH2Cl (1,2-Dichloroethane)
Hydrohalogenation
The additi8on of HCl or HBr to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product
Markinikov’s rule
In the addition of HX to an alkene, the H attaches to the double-bond carbon that has the larger number of H atoms *directly *attached to it, and the X attaches to the carbon that has the smaller number of H atoms attached.
Hydration of alkenes
The addition of water to a multiple bond to give an alcohol product. (Need H2SO4) as a catalyst
H2C=CH—
Vinyl group
