Packet #14 Flashcards
hemiacetal
functional group in which carbon atom is attached to both an alcohol functional group and an ether functional group
anomeric carbon atom
carbon atom that is joined to both the alcohol functional group and the ether functional group in a hemiacetal
the carbon atom in the cyclic sugar that used to be the carbonyl carbon
How do you tell a L- carbohydrate (sugar) from a D-carbohydrate (sugar)
D-sugar has an -OH group on the right when looking at the C atom that is next to the bottom C, L-sugar has the -OH on the left. (Orientation of the -OH group on the last chiral carbon atom in the chain)
What is the ending for a sugar (carbohydrate)
-ose
Difference between α-glucose and ß-glucose
α-glucose: has the -OH group pointing down at the anomeric carbon
ß-glucose: has the -OH group pointing up at the anomeric carbon
What is an alpha-linkage between two disaccharides? Beta-linkage?
alpha linkage: The ether group linkage between the two sugars —O— will point down.
Beta linkage: The ether group linkage between the two sugars —O— will point up
Addition reaction for aldehydes and ketones
Aldehyde or ketone + alcohol ⇔ Hemiacetal
aldose
a monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde carbonyl group
ketose
a monosaccharide that contains a ketone carbonyl group
monosaccharide
a carbohydrate with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
anomers
cyclic sugars that differ only in positions of substituents at the hemiacetal carbon (the anomeric carbon). The alpha and beta froms of a cyclic sugar
glyceraldehyde
simplest carbohydrate
Which kind of sugars do living things use
D-sugars
How do you number carbon atoms in the vertical sugar model?
From top to bottom
glucose
- body’s main fuel source
- “grape” sugar
- “blood sugar” (mg/dL)
- product of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
6CO2+ 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
fructose
- fruit sugar
- body can make fat out of fructose in liver more readily than glucose
ribose and deoxyribose
- simple sugars
- in RNA and DNA
galactose
- brain sugar
- part of more complex sugars like lactose
amylose
- straight chain polymer of glucose
- starch
- connected by a-glycosidic linkages
- fully digestible
- essential part of human diet
- plant material: beans, grains, wheat, rice, potatoes
- not water soluble
amylopectin
- starch
- polymer of glucose
- branched
- water soluble
- body can’t digest it as well as amylose
- alpha-linkages
cellulose
- not water soluble
- linear
- ß-linkages
- animals can’t digest it (dietary insoluble fiber)
- slows uptake of glucose from other carbs into the bloodstream
lactose is made of what?
glucose + galactose
maltose is made of what?
glucose + glucose
