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new science > P3 waves > Flashcards

P3 waves Flashcards

1
Q

what do waves transfer

A

energy, WITHOUT transferring matter

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2
Q

describe transverse wave

A

direction of vibration at right angle to direction of propagation

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3
Q

examples of transverse waves

A
  • electromagnetic radiation
  • water waves
  • seismic S-waves
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4
Q

describe longitudinal wave

A

direction of vibration is parallel to direction of propagation

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5
Q

examples of longitudinal waves

A
  • sound waves
  • seismic P-waves
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6
Q

features of a wave

A
  • wavelength
  • frequency
  • crest (peak)
  • trough
  • amplitude
  • wave speed
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7
Q

equation for wave speed

A
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8
Q

what causes the refraction of waves in water

A

depth change

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9
Q

what causes refraction of wave

A

change in speed

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10
Q

how does water wave passing over shallower region change it

A
  • slow down
  • wavelength decrease
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11
Q

what causes diffraction

A

wave passes thru gap

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12
Q

when is diffraction more pronounced

A

when size of gap and wavelength similar

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13
Q

impact of wavelength on diffraction

A

longer wavelengths diffract more

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14
Q

impact of size of gap on diffraction

A

smaller gap means more diffraction

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15
Q

where is angle of incidence/reflection measured from?

A

normal

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16
Q

Characteristics of an optical image by a plane mirror

A
  • same size
  • same distance from mirror
  • laterally inverted
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17
Q

describe characteristics of image

A
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18
Q

Relationship between angle of incidence and angle of reflection

A

Equal

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19
Q

Define refraction

A
  • change in direction of a light ray
  • passing from one medium to another
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20
Q

Define refraction

A
  • change in direction of a light ray
  • passing from one medium to another
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21
Q

Define refractive index

A

Ratio of speeds of wave in 2 diff regions

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22
Q

Equation for refractive index

A

Speed of light in substance / speed of light in vacuum

23
Q

What happens when light enters medium with higher refractive index

A

Bend toward normal

24
Q

What happens when light enters medium with higher refractive index

A

Bend toward normal

25
Q

Define critical angle

A
  • angle of incidence
  • at which angle of refraction is 90 degrees and above
  • which all light is totally internally reflected
26
Q

Uses for total internal reflection

A
  • endoscope (medicine)
  • optical fibre for communication
27
Q

What happens to image inside focal length of converging lens

A
  • enlarged
  • virtual
  • upright
28
Q

What happens to image inside focal length of converging lens

A
  • enlarged
  • virtual
  • upright
29
Q

What happens to image outside focal length of converging lens

A
  • diminished
  • inverted
  • real
30
Q

What happens to image at principal focus of converging lens

A

No image formed

31
Q

Colours of visible spectrum in order of frequency (low to high)

Order of wavelength (low to high)

A

red orange yellow green blue indigo violet

violet indigo blue green yellow orange red

32
Q

Which light is bent most in a prism and why

A

Violet as it has the greatest changes in speed

33
Q

Main regions of EM spectrum in order of frequency (low to high)

In order of wavelength (short to long)

A

radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma

gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio

34
Q

Speed of EM waves in vacuum vs air

A

3.0*10^8 m/s

Approx same in air

35
Q

Applications of radio waves

A
  • radio and television transmissions
  • radar
36
Q

Applications of microwaves

A
  • satellite television
  • mobile (cell) phone
  • microwave ovens
37
Q

Applications of infrared

A
  • remote controllers for televisions
  • thermal imaging
38
Q

Applications of visible light

A
  • vision
  • photography
39
Q

Applications of ultraviolet

A
  • detecting fake bank notes
40
Q

Applications of x-rays

A
  • medical scanning
  • security scanners
41
Q

Applications of gamma rays

A
  • detection of cancer
  • treatment of cancer
42
Q

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation

A
  • damage to surface cells and eyes
  • leads to skin cancer and eye conditions
43
Q

Describe harmful effects of x-rays and gamma rays

A
  • mutation or damage to cells in body
44
Q

How is sound produced

A

Vibrating sources

45
Q

Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in air

A

Series of compressions and rarefractions

46
Q

Describe what is meant by compressions

A

Regions of higher pressure due to particles being closer together

47
Q

Describe what is meant by rarefractions

A

Regions of lower pressure due to particles being spread further apart

48
Q

Is medium needed to transmit sound waves?

A

Yes

49
Q

Method for determining speed of sound in air

A
  1. Measure large distance in straight line. Two people stand this distance apart
  2. First person produces loud noise at same time as making visible action
  3. Second person starts stopwatch when see first person move, stop stopwatch when hear sound
50
Q

Relative speeds of sound in states of matter in order of decreasing speed

A

Solids, liquids, gases

51
Q

How does amplitude affect sound

A

Changes loudness

52
Q

How does change in frequency affect sound waves

A

Pitch

53
Q

Describe what is meant by an echo

A

The reflection of a sound wave

54
Q

Define ultrasound

A

Sound with a frequency higher than 20kHz

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