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new science > C11 organic chemistry > Flashcards

C11 organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

single/double/triple bond in displayed formula?

A

how many lines there are

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2
Q

what is a saturated compound

A

has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

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3
Q

what is an unsaturated compound

A

has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

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4
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a family or similar compounds with similar chemical properties

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5
Q

what are the general characteristics of a homologous series

A
  • same general formula
  • display trend in physical properties
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6
Q

displayed formula of methane

A
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7
Q

displayed formula of ethane

A
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8
Q

displayed formula of ethene

A
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9
Q

displayed formula of ethanol

A
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10
Q

what do names of organic compounds show

A

start: (Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter)
- meth (1 carbon atom)
- eth (2 carbon atoms)
- prop (3 carbon atoms)
- but (4 carbon atoms)
end:
- alkanes “ane”
- alkenes “ene”
- alcohols “ol”

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11
Q

general formula of alkanes

A
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12
Q

general formula for alkenes

A
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13
Q

structural formula of methane

A
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14
Q

structural formula of ethane

A
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15
Q

structural formula of propane

A
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16
Q

structural formula of butane

A
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17
Q

structural formula of ethene

A
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18
Q

structural formula of propene

A
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19
Q

structural formula of but-1-ene

A
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20
Q

structural formula of but-2-ene

A
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21
Q

displayed formula of but-1-ene

A
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22
Q

displayed formula of but-2-ene

A
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23
Q

name the fossil fuels

A
  • coal
  • natural gas
  • petroleum
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24
Q

what is the main constituent of natural gas

A

methane

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25
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

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26
Q

what is petroleum comprised of

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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27
Q

complete combustion of methane equation

A
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28
Q

how is petroleum separated into useful fractions

A
  • by fractional distillation in fractionating column (hottest at bottom and coolest at top)
  • petroleum heated strongly & passed into fractionating column near bottom
  • HCs with v high boiling points remain in liquid state and stay at bottom, those with lower boiling points evaporate and rise, cooling down
  • diff hydrocarbons condense at diff points in column
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29
Q

what are the useful fractions made from petroleum

A
  • refinery gas
  • gasoline/petrol
  • naphtha
  • diesel oil/gas oil
  • bitumen
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30
Q

use of refinery gas fraction

A

gas used in heating and cooking

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31
Q

use of gasoline/petrol fraction

A

fuel used in cars

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32
Q

use of naphtha fraction

A

chemical feedstock

33
Q

use of diesel oil/gas oil

A

fuel used in diesel engines

34
Q

use of bitumen

A

making roads

35
Q

trends in properties of fractions obtained from petroleum from bottom to top of fractionating column

A
  • decreasing chain length
  • lower boiling points
36
Q

bonding in alkanes

A

single covalent

37
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

saturated

38
Q

properties of alkanes

A
  • generally unreactive
  • except in combustion
39
Q

how do physical properties change with length of alkane chain

A
  • boiling point increases
40
Q

what is produced in the complete combustion of alkanes

A

carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

bonding in alkanes

A
  • double carbon-carbon covalent bond
42
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

unsaturated

43
Q

chemical test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes

A
  • aqueous bromine shaken with hydrocarbon
  • no change: alkane (saturated)
  • change to colourless: alkene (unsaturated)
44
Q

what colour is bromine water

A

orange-brown

45
Q

do alkenes or alkanes react with aqueous bromine? why

A
  • alkenes
  • C=C bond
46
Q

how are larger alkane molecules broken down into smaller molecules

A

cracking

47
Q

what is required for cracking

A
  • high temperature
  • catalyst
48
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

decomposition

49
Q

what type of hydrocarbon is involved in cracking

A

alkane –> alkene

50
Q

typical temperature for industrial cracking

A

500 degrees celcius

51
Q

what is produced in cracking

A

alkene and alkane

52
Q

displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with bromine

A
53
Q

what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with bromine

A

addition

54
Q

displayed formulas when ethene reacts with hydrogen

A
55
Q

what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with hydrogen

A

addition

56
Q

what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with hydrogen

A

nickel

57
Q

what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with steam

A

acid catalyst

58
Q

displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with steam

A
59
Q

what kind of reaction is alkene with steam

A

addition

60
Q

what is an addition reaction

A
  • double bond broken in alkene
  • results in addition of atoms to molecules
61
Q

what is formed when an alkene reacts with steam

A

alcohol

62
Q

what is formed when alkene reacts with hydrogen

A

alkane

63
Q

equation for complete combustion of ethanol

A
64
Q

describe the complete combustion of ethanol

A

clean flame, no smoke

65
Q

uses of ethanol

A
  • solvent
  • fuel
66
Q

why is ethanol a good solvent

A
  • carbon chain
  • -OH group
67
Q

boiling point of ethanol

A

78 c

68
Q

define polymers

A
  • large molecules built up from many smaller molecules
  • called monomers
69
Q

describe the formation of poly(ethene)

A
  • addition polymerisation
  • using ethene monomers
70
Q

show the addition polymerisation of poly(ethene) using displayed formulas

A
71
Q

describe condensation reaction

A
  • two smaller molecules join to produce larger molecule
  • smaller molecule also produced, usually water
72
Q

what are polyamides

A
  • condensation polymers
  • repeating units linked by amide bonds
73
Q

block diagram of dicarboxylic acid

A
74
Q

block diagram of diamine

A
75
Q

how to read block diagrams

A
  • rectangle is carbon chain
  • between reactive groups
76
Q

show the reaction between dicarboxylic acid and diamine using block diagrams

A
77
Q

what is an amide link

A
  • chemical bond in a polyamide
  • comprised of a C=O bond and N-H bond
78
Q

structure of nylon

A
79
Q

what is nylon

A

a polyamide

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