C11 organic chemistry Flashcards
single/double/triple bond in displayed formula?
how many lines there are
what is a saturated compound
has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
what is an unsaturated compound
has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds
what is a homologous series
a family or similar compounds with similar chemical properties
what are the general characteristics of a homologous series
- same general formula
- display trend in physical properties
displayed formula of methane
displayed formula of ethane
displayed formula of ethene
displayed formula of ethanol
what do names of organic compounds show
start: (Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter)
- meth (1 carbon atom)
- eth (2 carbon atoms)
- prop (3 carbon atoms)
- but (4 carbon atoms)
end:
- alkanes “ane”
- alkenes “ene”
- alcohols “ol”
general formula of alkanes
general formula for alkenes
structural formula of methane
structural formula of ethane
structural formula of propane
structural formula of butane
structural formula of ethene
structural formula of propene
structural formula of but-1-ene
structural formula of but-2-ene
displayed formula of but-1-ene
displayed formula of but-2-ene
name the fossil fuels
- coal
- natural gas
- petroleum
what is the main constituent of natural gas
methane
what are hydrocarbons
compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only
what is petroleum comprised of
a mixture of hydrocarbons
complete combustion of methane equation
how is petroleum separated into useful fractions
- by fractional distillation in fractionating column (hottest at bottom and coolest at top)
- petroleum heated strongly & passed into fractionating column near bottom
- HCs with v high boiling points remain in liquid state and stay at bottom, those with lower boiling points evaporate and rise, cooling down
- diff hydrocarbons condense at diff points in column
what are the useful fractions made from petroleum
- refinery gas
- gasoline/petrol
- naphtha
- diesel oil/gas oil
- bitumen
use of refinery gas fraction
gas used in heating and cooking
use of gasoline/petrol fraction
fuel used in cars
use of naphtha fraction
chemical feedstock
use of diesel oil/gas oil
fuel used in diesel engines
use of bitumen
making roads
trends in properties of fractions obtained from petroleum from bottom to top of fractionating column
- decreasing chain length
- lower boiling points
bonding in alkanes
single covalent
are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons
saturated
properties of alkanes
- generally unreactive
- except in combustion
how do physical properties change with length of alkane chain
- boiling point increases
what is produced in the complete combustion of alkanes
carbon dioxide and water
bonding in alkanes
- double carbon-carbon covalent bond
are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons
unsaturated
chemical test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes
- aqueous bromine shaken with hydrocarbon
- no change: alkane (saturated)
- change to colourless: alkene (unsaturated)
what colour is bromine water
orange-brown
do alkenes or alkanes react with aqueous bromine? why
- alkenes
- C=C bond
how are larger alkane molecules broken down into smaller molecules
cracking
what is required for cracking
- high temperature
- catalyst
what type of reaction is cracking
decomposition
what type of hydrocarbon is involved in cracking
alkane –> alkene
typical temperature for industrial cracking
500 degrees celcius
what is produced in cracking
alkene and alkane
displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with bromine
what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with bromine
addition
displayed formulas when ethene reacts with hydrogen
what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with hydrogen
addition
what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with hydrogen
nickel
what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with steam
acid catalyst
displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with steam
what kind of reaction is alkene with steam
addition
what is an addition reaction
- double bond broken in alkene
- results in addition of atoms to molecules
what is formed when an alkene reacts with steam
alcohol
what is formed when alkene reacts with hydrogen
alkane
equation for complete combustion of ethanol
describe the complete combustion of ethanol
clean flame, no smoke
uses of ethanol
- solvent
- fuel
why is ethanol a good solvent
- carbon chain
- -OH group
boiling point of ethanol
78 c
define polymers
- large molecules built up from many smaller molecules
- called monomers
describe the formation of poly(ethene)
- addition polymerisation
- using ethene monomers
show the addition polymerisation of poly(ethene) using displayed formulas
describe condensation reaction
- two smaller molecules join to produce larger molecule
- smaller molecule also produced, usually water
what are polyamides
- condensation polymers
- repeating units linked by amide bonds
block diagram of dicarboxylic acid
block diagram of diamine
how to read block diagrams
- rectangle is carbon chain
- between reactive groups
show the reaction between dicarboxylic acid and diamine using block diagrams
what is an amide link
- chemical bond in a polyamide
- comprised of a C=O bond and N-H bond
structure of nylon
what is nylon
a polyamide
