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new science > P1 motion, forces and energy > Flashcards

P1 motion, forces and energy Flashcards

1
Q

meaning of prefix “centi”

A

/100

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2
Q

meaning of prefix “milli”

A

/1000

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3
Q

meaning of prefix “kilo”

A

*1000

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4
Q

meaning of prefix “mega”

A

*1 000 000

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5
Q

meaning of prefix “giga”

A

*1 000 000 000

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6
Q

how to read this

A

4.33 seconds

NOT 4 seconds 33 milliseconds (milliseconds are thousandths of a second, not hundredths)

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7
Q

what is a scalar quantity

A

measurement that has magnitude only

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8
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

measurement that has magnitude and direction

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9
Q

scalar or vector? distance

A

scalar

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10
Q

scalar or vector? speed

A

scalar

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11
Q

scalar or vector? time

A

scalar

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12
Q

scalar or vector? mass

A

scalar

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13
Q

scalar or vector? energy

A

scalar

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14
Q

scalar or vector? temperature

A

scalar

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15
Q

scalar or vector? force

A

vector

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16
Q

scalar or vector? weight

A

vector

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17
Q

scalar or vector? velocity

A

vector

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18
Q

scalar or vector? acceleration

A

vector

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19
Q

scalar or vector? gravitational field strength

A

vector

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20
Q

define speed

A

distance travelled per unit time

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21
Q

equation for speed

A

v = d/t

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22
Q

equation for average speed

A
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23
Q

define velocity

A

speed in a given direction

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24
Q

define acceleration

A

change in velocity per unit time

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25
Q

equation for acceleration

A
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26
Q

how to find the speed on a distance-time graph

A

gradient

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27
Q

how to find the distance travelled from a speed-time graph

A

area under the line

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28
Q

how to find acceleration from a speed-time graph

A

gradient

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29
Q

object moving with increasing speed called?

A

acceleration

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30
Q

object moving at decreasing speed called?

A

deceleration

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31
Q

what is the acceleration of free fall

A
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32
Q

define mass

A

a measure of the quantity of matter in an object

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33
Q

define weight

A
  • the gravitational force on an object that has mass
  • the effect of a gravitational field on a mass
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34
Q

define gravitational field strength

A

the gravitational force per unit mass

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35
Q

equation for gravitational field strength

A
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36
Q

what is gravitational field strength near the surface of the earth

A

9.8 N/kg

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37
Q

relationship between gravitational field strength and acceleration of free fall

A

equivalent

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38
Q

define density

A

mass per unit volume

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39
Q

equation for density

A
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40
Q

how to find density of regularly shaped solid

A
  1. find mass of object using balance
  2. measure dimensions of object and calculate volume
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41
Q

how to find density of liquid

A
  1. place empty measuring cylinder on balance and tare so it reads 0
  2. pour liquid into measuring cylinder. record mass from balance and volume from measuring cylinder
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42
Q

how to find density of irregularly shaped solid

A
  1. measure initial volume of liquid by taking reading from measuring cylinder
  2. place solid in water. take new reading, repeat with diff starting amts of water to get accurate volume of solid (if solid doesnt fit, use EUREKA CAN. water displaced into measuring cylinder, giving v of solid)
  3. calculate v of pebble, take mean and calculate density
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43
Q

density of water

A
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44
Q

1dm^3 = ?L

A

1

45
Q

how to know if object will float on surface of liquid

A

average density is lower than that of liquid = float

46
Q

how may forces change an object

A
  • size
  • shape
  • motion
47
Q

how to determine resultant force?

A

add forces

48
Q

define friction

A
  • force between 2 surfaces
  • may impede relative motion and produce heating
49
Q

friction in water is known as?

A

drag

50
Q

friction in gas is known as?

A

air resistance

51
Q

newton first law?

A
  • an object either remains at rest or continues in a straight line at constant speed
  • unless there is a resultant force on the object
52
Q

newton 2nd law

A

F = ma

53
Q

direction of resultant force vs acceleration?

A

same direction

54
Q

which axis does the iv go on

A

x-axis

55
Q

which axis does the dv go on

A

y-axis

56
Q

define the spring constant

A

force per unit extension

57
Q

equation for spring constant

A
58
Q

define “limit of proportionality”

A
  • highest force that can be applied
  • before extension of a spring or wire no longer proportional to force applied
  • deformation occurs after this point
59
Q

describe the moment of a force

A

measure of its turning effect

60
Q

define the moment of a force (equation)

A

moment = force * perpendicular distance from pivot

61
Q

when is an object in equilibrium

A

no resultant force, no resultant moment

62
Q

define centre of gravity

A
  • imaginary point within object
  • that mass and weight of object evenly dispersed around
63
Q

where is centre of gravity in regular shapes

A

at a point along the lines of symmetry

64
Q

how does position of centre of gravity affect stability of object

A
  • vertically above base = stable
  • low centre of gravity and wide base = more stable
65
Q

how to find centre of gravity of irregularly shaped plane lamina

A
  • suspend object from multiple points
  • hang plumbline and draw vertical lines along it
  • find point at which all vertical lines intersect
66
Q

in what states can energy be stored

A
  • kinetic
  • gravitational potential
  • chemical
  • elastic (strain)
  • nuclear
  • electrostatic
  • internal (thermal)
67
Q

types of energy transfer

A
  • mechanical work
  • electrical work
  • waves
  • heat
  • electromagnetic
68
Q

event or process involving mechanical work

A

forces

69
Q

event or process involving electrical work

A

electric currents

70
Q

event or processes involving waves

A

light and sound

71
Q

equation for kinetic energy

A
72
Q

equation for change in gravitational potential energy

A
73
Q

principle of conservation of energy

A
  • energy cannot be created or destroyed,
  • only transferred from one store to another
74
Q

equation for mechanical working

A
75
Q

how is useful energy obtained from fossil fuels

A
  • heat from fuel boils water to produce steam
  • high pressure steam turn turbines
  • makes generator spin at high speed, which generates electricity
76
Q

how is useful energy obtained from waves

A
  • movement of waves up and down drives turbines
  • spin generator at high speed, generating electricity
77
Q

how is useful energy obtained from tides

A
  • trap seawater behind dam (barrage) wall
  • water at high tide trapped behind barrage to produce flow of water through turbines, making them turn
  • spins generator at high speed, generating electricity
78
Q

how is useful energy obtained from hydroelectric dams

A
  • build dam wall on river
  • hold water behind wall, large height difference between upstream and downstream
  • rush downstream through turbine blades, spin generator
79
Q

how is useful energy obtained from geothermal resources

A
  • cold water fed through pipes underground, return as steam due to volcanic activity
  • steam drives turbines, spin generators to generate electricity
80
Q

how is useful energy obtained from nuclear fission

A
  • use nuclear reaction to produce heat
  • boil water to produce steam
  • spin turbines, spin generators to generate electricity
81
Q

how is useful energy obtained from solar cells

A
  • produce electricity directly from electromagnetic waves in sunlight
82
Q

how is useful energy obtained from solar thermal collectors

A
  • absorb IR waves from sun
  • heat water
83
Q

how is useful energy obtained from wind turbines

A
  • wind spins turbine
  • spin generator
84
Q

advantages of fossil fuels as an energy resource

A
  • high power output
  • 24/7 output
  • cheap to build
85
Q

disadvantages of fossil fuels as an energy resource

A
  • non-renewable
  • produce greenhouse gases
86
Q

advantages of waves as an energy resource

A
  • renewable
  • no greenhouse gases
87
Q

disadvantages of waves as an energy resource

A
  • new technology, not reliable
  • low power output
88
Q

advantages of tides as an energy resource

A
  • renewable
  • no greenhouse gases
  • high power output
89
Q

disadvantages of tides as an energy resource

A
  • need high tides, not common
  • blocks large area of sea
  • expensive to build
90
Q

advantages of hydroelectric dams as an energy resource

A
  • renewable
  • no greenhouse gases
  • high power output
91
Q

disadvantages of hydroelectric dams as an energy resource

A
  • disrupt animal habitat, displaces people
  • need big river
  • expensive to build
92
Q

advantages of geothermal resources as an energy resource

A
  • renewable
  • no greenhouse gases
  • reliable output
93
Q

disadvantages of geothermal resources as an energy resource

A
  • only few volcanic countries
  • relatively low power output
94
Q

advantages of nuclear fission as an energy resource

A
  • high power output
  • 24/7 output
  • no greenhouse gases
95
Q

disadvantages of nuclear fission as an energy resource

A
  • non-renewable
  • radioactivity risks
  • very expensive to build
96
Q

advantages of energy from the sun as an energy resource

A
  • renewable
  • no greenhouse gases
97
Q

disadvantages of energy from the sun as an energy resource

A
  • unreliable, need sunshine
  • low power output
  • expensive to build
98
Q

how is energy released in the sun

A

nuclear fusion

99
Q

how is energy released in nuclear reactors

A

nuclear fission

100
Q

equations for efficiency

A
101
Q

define power

A
  • work done per unit time
  • energy transferred per unit time
102
Q

equations for power

A
103
Q

define pressure

A

force per unit area

104
Q

equation for pressure

A
105
Q

how does pressure vary with force

A

directly proportional to force

106
Q

how does pressure vary with area

A

inversely proportional to area

107
Q

1Pa = ?N/m^2

A

1

108
Q

1N/cm^2 = ?Pa

A

10 000

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