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new science > C10 chemistry of the environment > Flashcards

C10 chemistry of the environment Flashcards

1
Q

tests for water

A

cobalt(II) chloride
copper(II) sulfate

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2
Q

describe test for water using cobalt(II) chloride

A
  • when anhydrous, it is blue
  • when exposed to water, changes to pink
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3
Q

describe test for water using copper(II) sulfate

A
  • white in anhydrous
  • when exposed to water, changes from white to blue
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4
Q

fixed points of pure vs impure substances

A

pure: exact fixed points
impure: range of temperatures for change of state

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5
Q

why is distilled water used in practical chemistry rather than tap water

A

contains fewer chemical impurities

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6
Q

describe the treatment of domestic water supply

A
  • sedimentation and filtration to remove solids
  • use of carbon to remove tastes and odours
  • chlorination to kill microbes (pathogens)
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7
Q

composition of air

A
  • 78% nitrogen
  • 21% oxygen
  • mixture of noble gases and carbon dioxide
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8
Q

source of carbon dioxide as an air pollutant

A

complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels

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9
Q

source of carbon monoxide and particulates as an air pollutant

A

incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels

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10
Q

source of methane as an air pollutant

A
  • decomposition of vegetation
  • waste gases from digestion in animals
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11
Q

source of oxides of nitrogen as an air pollutant

A

car engines

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12
Q

source of sulfur dioxide as an air pollutant

A

combustion of fossil fuels which contain sulfur compounds

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13
Q

adverse effects of carbon dioxide (air pollutant)

A
  • higher levels of CO2
  • increased global warming
  • leads to climate change
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14
Q

adverse of carbon monoxide (air pollutant)

A

toxic gas

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15
Q

adverse effects of methane (air pollutant)

A
  • increased global warming
  • leads to climate change
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16
Q

adverse effects of oxides of nitrogen (air pollutant)

A
  • acid rain
  • respiratory problems
17
Q

adverse effects of sulfur dioxide (air pollutant)

A

acid rain

18
Q

state strategies to reduce effects of climate change

A
  • planting trees
  • reduction in livestock farming
  • decreasing use of fossil fuels
  • increase use of hydrogen and renewable energy
19
Q

strategies to reduce effects of acid rain

A
  • reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide by using low-sulfur fuels
  • flue gas desulfurisation with calcium oxide
20
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen produced (pollutant)

A
  • car engines
  • very hot, nitrogen and oxygen from air react tg at high temp
21
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen removed (pollutant)

A
  • catalytic converters
  • catalyse reaction between carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
    2Co + 2NO –> 2CO2 + N2
22
Q

how does flue gas desulfurisation work

A
  • waste gases called flue gases
  • passed over calcium oxide
    CaO + SO2 –> CaSO3
23
Q

how does planting trees reduce the effects of climate change

A
  • absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
  • remove from atmosphere and store in carbon compounds ef wood
24
Q

how does a reduction in livestock farming reduce the effects of climate change

A
  • released large quantities of methane because of digestive processes (particularly cattle)
25
Q

explain how decreasing the use of fossil fuels reduces the effects of climate change

A
  • reduce quantities of carbon dioxide released
  • eg walking/cycling instead of car
  • replacement sources of energy needed
26
Q

explain how increasing the use of renewable energy reduces the effects of climate change

A
  • can be replaced as they are used and will not run out
  • eg wind energy, solar energy
27
Q

explain how increasing the use of hydrogen reduces the effects of climate change

A
  • alternative fuel that doesn’t release CO2 when burned
  • only a helpful replacement if obtained using renewable energy sources, eg electrolysis of water
28
Q

describe how the greenhouse gases cause global warming

A
  • thermal energy from sun enters atmosphere
  • some absorbed by surface, some reflected and emitted back to space
  • greenhouse gases absorb some thermal energy, reflect some back to earth
  • reduces thermal energy loss to space

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