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B15 reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

describe asexual reproduction

A
  • a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring
  • from one parent
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2
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent needed
- save time and energy in finding mate
allow organisms to reproduce very quickly
- spread thru area quickly
desired characteristics retained

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3
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

identical copies of parent
- same characteristics
- vulnerable to environmental changes (eg disease)

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4
Q

describe sexual reproduction

A
  • a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote
  • production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
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5
Q

nuclei of gametes vs nucleus of zygote

A

gametes: haploid
zygote: diploid

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6
Q

advantages of sexual reprodction

A

variation
- more resistance to environmental changes and disease

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7
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • time and energy in finding a mate
  • much slower than asexual
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8
Q

how many chromosomes in diploid nucleus

A

46

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9
Q

describe what is meant by a species

A
  • group of organisms that can reproduce
  • to produce fertile offspring
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

function of sepals

A
  • protect growing flower
  • prevent it from drying out
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12
Q

function of petals

A
  • attract insects, birds, mammals (pollinators)
  • to carry out pollination
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13
Q

function of stamens

A
  • produce male gametes (pollen)
  • provide correct structures and conditions necessary for transfer of pollen
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14
Q

function of filaments

A
  • hold anther in position
  • where it is able to transfer its pollen to an insect, mammal, or bird (pollinators)
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15
Q

function of anthers

A
  • produce pollen grains
  • containing plant’s male gametes
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16
Q

function of carpels

A
  • produce female gametes
  • provide correct structures and conditions necessary for fertilisation
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17
Q

function of style

A
  • support and present stigma
  • in position where it can receive pollen from insect, bird, mammal (pollinator)
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18
Q

function of stigma

A

trap pollen from other flowers

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19
Q

function of ovary

A
  • contain ovules (which contain female gametes)
  • which will develop into seeds after fertilisation
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20
Q

function of ovules

A
  • female gametes produced and contained within ovules
  • upon fertilisation, ovules develop into seeds
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21
Q

describe what is meant by pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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22
Q

when does fertilisation in a plant occur

A

when pollen nucleus fuses with nucleus in ovule

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23
Q

explain structural adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • large and brightly coloured petals to attract pollinators
  • anther located inside flower to brush against pollinators
  • stigma located inside flower to brush against pollinators
  • produce nectar to attract insects
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24
Q

describe structural adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers

A
  • small and usually dull in colour, do not need to attract pollinators
  • anther loosely attached and dangle outside flower so pollen can be blown easily by wind
  • stigma loosely attached and dangle outside flower so can catch wind-borne pollen from other plants (often appear feathery)
25
Q

describe anthers of wind-pollinated flower

26
Q

describe stigma of wind-pollinated flower

27
Q

requirements for germination of seeds

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • suitable temperature
31
Q

function of testes

A

organ in which sperm cells and testosterone are produced

32
Q

function of scrotum

A
  • sack of skin that contains testes
  • help keep them at slightly lower temp than rest of body
33
Q

function of sperm ducts

A

muscular tube that connects a testis to urethra

34
Q

function of prostate gland

A
  • secrete fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
  • mixture of liquid and sperm is called semen
35
Q

function of urethra

A

tube that allows passage of semen and urine through centre of penis

36
Q

function of penis

A
  • during sexual intercourse, inserted into vagina
  • allow sperm to transfer into female reproductive system
39
Q

function of ovaries

A
  • produces egg cells
  • produces hormones oestrogen and progesterone
40
Q

function of oviducts

A
  • tube connecting an ovary to uterus
  • fertilisation usually occurs here
41
Q

function of uterus

A

organ in which embryo develops

42
Q

function of cervix

A

ring of muscle between vagina and uterus

43
Q

function of vagina

A
  • elastic muscular canal through which newborn passes during childbirth
  • during sexual intercourse, male penis inserted into vagina
44
Q

describe fertilisation in humans

A

fusion of nuclei from male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg cell)

45
Q

adaptive features of sperm

A
  • flagellum
  • many mitochondria
  • presence of enzymes in acrosome
46
Q

how does the flagellum help the sperm

A
  • can move
  • propel cell from one place to another
47
Q

how does having many mitochondria help sperm

A
  • organelles release energy by aerobic respiration
  • needed to keep flagellum moving
48
Q

how does the presence of enzymes in the acrosome in sperm help it

A

digestive enzymes allow sperm cell to pass through jelly coating on surface of egg cell

49
Q

adaptive features of egg cells

A
  • energy stores
  • jelly coat that changes at fertilisation
50
Q

explain how energy stores help an egg cell

A
  • cytoplasm contains energy stores
  • allow egg to survive for several days
  • nourish zygote if fertilisation occurs (until it can implant in wall of uterus)
51
Q

explain how jelly coat helps an egg cell

A
  • allow sperm to attach
  • create barrier to other sperm cells once one has successfully penetrated it and entered egg cell
52
Q

compare male and female gametes

A
  • egg cells much larger than sperm (0.1mm vs 0.05mm)
  • egg cells cannot move on their own, sperm can move around 1-3mm per hour
  • female usually release one egg cell per month. male can release 40 million and 1.2 billion sperm in single ejaculation
53
Q

role of testosterone

A

development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
- facial hair
- voice box becomes larger
- voice “breaks” and becomes deeper
- shoulders and chest widen, muscle mass increases
- more hair on limbs and torso, pubic hair growth
- penis and testes grow larger

54
Q

role of oestrogee

A

development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
- breasts enlarge
- hips widen
- more hair on limbs and torso, pubic hair growth

55
Q

describe the menstrual cycle

A
  • egg cells develop in ovaries within follicles
  • day 14: follicle releases egg cell around once every 28d (ovulation)
  • follicle develops into structure called corpus luteum
  • from day 4, lining of uterus thickens so egg cell can implant into lining if fertilised
  • if not, lining broken down and discharged from body thru vagina during menstruation (period)
56
Q

describe what is meant by a STI

A
  • sexually transmitted infection
  • infection that is transmitted thru sexual contact
57
Q

what is HIV and its consequences

A
  • human immunodeficiency virus
  • pathogen that causes an STI
  • may lead to AIDS
58
Q

methods of transmission of HIV

59
Q

how is the spread of STIs controlled

A
  • avoid sexual contact
  • use protection (barrier method contraception)
  • limit number of sexual partners
  • increase testing

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