P2 5d cloning

Question 1

how do you micro propagate plants in vitro?

Answer 1

• cells are scraped from the parent plant cells
• the surface of those are sterilised then rinsed with water
• those are put into a sterile Petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar
• the medium encourage the cells to grow and divide making masses of cells
• each callus is put into a fresh growth medium that contains a range of plant growth regulators, causes them to develop roots, stems and leaves
• plantlet will develop into

Question 2

what are the advantages of micropropagation?

Answer 2

• clones are genetically identical
• important commercial uses
• allows plants desirable characteristics to be cloned
• ensures diseases in other areas are not imported and spread
• preserving rare plant species
• cheap
• big yield
• any time
• quick

Question 3

what are the disadvantages of micropropagation?

Answer 3

• trained personnel and sterile laboratory are required
• genetically identical makes them to be vulnerable to some diseases and pests
• no genetic variation makes them less adaptable

Question 4

how does embryo cloning work?

Answer 4

• egg cells are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from the best bull
• forms an embryo
• animal embryo is split apart many times before they become specialised
• cloned embryos are transplanted into host mothers
• offspring are born genetically identical

Question 5

how does adult cell cloning work?

Answer 5

• nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
• the nucleus from an adult body cell is inserted into the egg cell
• an electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide (by mitosis) to form an embryo
• embryo cels contain same genetic information as the adult skin cell
• when the embryo is developed into a ball to cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue development

Question 6

what are the benefits of cloning?

Answer 6

• be used to preserve endangered species of plants and animals
• allows farmers to ensure consistently high quality livestock

Question 7

what are the risks of cloning?

Answer 7

• reduced gene pool
• less resistance to disease
• cloned animals may not be as healthy
• worry for cloning of humans
• unethical

Question 8

what is pharming?

Answer 8

cloning animals that have a specific gene that is helpful to humans and create human proteins
when cloning it makes a a herd or flock