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z - biology > LM 2e human nutrition > Flashcards

LM 2e human nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a balanced diet consist of?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, water

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2
Q

How do carbs contribute to a balanced diet?

A

source of energy

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3
Q

How do proteins contribute to a balanced diet?

A

growth and repair of cells

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4
Q

How do lipids contribute to a balanced diet?

A

source of energy

- also provide storage and insulation

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5
Q

How do vitamins (C and D) contribute to a balanced diet?

A
  • vitamin C is needed to help heal wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue
  • vitamin D is needed to maintain healthy bones and teeth
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6
Q

How do minerals (Ca and Fe) contribute to a balanced diet?

A
  • Calcium is needed to maintain healthy bones and teeth

- Iron is needed to produce haemoglobin, found in red blood cells

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7
Q

How does dietary fibre contribute to a balanced diet?

A

helps the intestines move food and faeces along the gut

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8
Q

How does water contribute to a balanced diet?

A
  • two thirds of the human body is water, so we need to replenish that regularly
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9
Q

How does age affect dietary needs?

A

a newborn needs much less food/nutrition/energy compared to a teenage boy or adult
- energy needs go down as you get older (50+)

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10
Q

How does gender affect dietary needs?

A

girls have a smaller energy requirement than boys

- girls also lose blood when they are menstruating, so they need more iron than boys

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11
Q

How does pregnancy affect diet?

A
  • they will need to eat their normal energy intake plus energy for the baby
  • needs more protein, iron and vitamin D + calcium
  • breastfeeding women will need to take more vitamins and calcium
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12
Q

How does activity levels affect diet?

A
  • people who do more physical labour will need more energy, and have a higher energy intake
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13
Q

What happens when someone is malnourished?

A

when someone doesn’t have a balanced diet
effects are decrease body mass
- causes include inappropriate dietary choices, a low income, difficulty obtaining food, and various physical and mental health conditions.

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14
Q

What happens when someone is starving?

A
  • body mass drops
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15
Q

What happens when someone has coronary heart disease?

A
  • when someone cholesterol builds up in a persons arteries, it blocks the flow of blood
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16
Q

What happens when someone is constipated?

A
  • food moves to slowly through the digestive tract

- happens because of fibre deficiency

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17
Q

What happens when someone is obese?

A
  • heightens risk of other health problems (diabetes etc)
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18
Q

what are the effects and causes of deficiencies in iron?

A

anemia leaves people tired and short of breath

- can’t produce enough red blood cells (can’t carry oxygen around the body)

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19
Q

what is ingestion?

A
  • taking in of substances, into the body through the mouth
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20
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

breaking down food into smaller pieces without any chemical change
- happens in the mouth and the stomach

21
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
- happens in mouth, stomach and small intestine

22
Q

what is absorption?

A

the movement fo small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

23
Q

what is assimilation?

A

movement of digested food molecules from the blood into the cells of the body where they are used

24
Q

what is egestion?

A

passing out food that has not been digested or absorbed

25
Q

what is diarrhoea?

A

it’s when too little water was absorbed in the digestive process, so faeces become watery
- person can lose water and sodium ion (becomes dehydrated)

26
Q

what is the treatment for diarrhoea?

A

oral rehydration therapy is used to treat diarrhoea

- consume water, sodium chloride and glucose

27
Q

what is cholera?

A

(bacteria)

  • disease spread through contaminated water in places with poor sanitation
  • causes diarrhoea and can lead to death
28
Q

what does the mouth do?

A

where food enters alimentary canal and digestion beigns

29
Q

what do the salivary glands do?

A

produce saliva, which is secreted into the mouth

- contains amylase, an enzyme that beaks down starch into maltose

30
Q

what does the oesophagus do?

A

muscular tube which moves food to the stomach

31
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

where mechanical and chemical digestion continues

32
Q

what does the small (duodenum and ileum) intestine do?

A

duodenum

- food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile

33
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

it secretes pancreatic juice

  • it helps with chemical digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
  • helps to neutralise acid because of its alkaline nature
34
Q

what does the small (duodenum and ileum) intestine do?

A

duodenum - food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile

ileum - digested food is absorbed into the blood

35
Q

what does gall bladder do?

A
  • bile is stored in the gall bladder before its released
36
Q

what journey does the food take?

A

mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus

37
Q

what does the large intestine (colon, rectum, anus) do?

A

colon - water is reabsorbed
rectum - faeces are stored
anus - faeces leave the alimentary canal

38
Q

why do we have different types of teeth?

A

different teeth are used for different types of food

  • canines are used for meat (tougher foods)
  • incisors are used for cutting teeth
  • premolars are used for tearing and grinding foods
  • molars are used for things like nuts
39
Q

what causes tooth decay?

A

sugar

- bacteria will build up on teeth if they are not kept clean

40
Q

what does the digestive system do?

A

an organ system which digests and absorbs food

41
Q

what are the five different stage during foods passage through the alimentary canal?

A 
ingestion 
mechanical digestion 
chemical digestion 
absorption 
assimilation 
digestion
42
Q

what’s peristalsis?

A
  • mechanism that helps move food along the alimentary canal
43
Q

what are the steps of peristalsis?

A
  • muscles in the walls of the oesophagus create waves of contractions which force the bolus along
  • once the bolus has reached the stomach it is churned into a less solid form
  • circular muscles contract to reduce diameter of the lumen
  • longitudinal muscles contract to reduce length
  • wave like action
44
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a ball of partially digested food which is mixed with saliva
- formed when food is chewed

45
Q

what is peristalsis controlled by?

A

circular and longitudinal muscles

46
Q

what aids peristalsis?

A

mucus
- lubricates the food mass and reduces friction
dietary fibre
- provides the roughage for muscles to push against

47
Q

what does bile do?

A

made up of bile salts

  • neutralising acid from stomach, because of its alkaline properties
  • emulsifying fat (mechanical digestion)
48
Q

what does the alkaline conditions of bile help?

A

allows lipase to chemically breakdown fat into glycerol and fatty acids

z - biology (21 decks)

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