LM 2e human nutrition

Question 1

what does a balanced diet consist of?

Answer 1

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, water

Question 2

How do carbs contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 2

source of energy

Question 3

How do proteins contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 3

growth and repair of cells

Question 4

How do lipids contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 4

source of energy

- also provide storage and insulation

Question 5

How do vitamins (C and D) contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 5

• vitamin C is needed to help heal wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue
• vitamin D is needed to maintain healthy bones and teeth

Question 6

How do minerals (Ca and Fe) contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 6

• Calcium is needed to maintain healthy bones and teeth

- Iron is needed to produce haemoglobin, found in red blood cells

Question 7

How does dietary fibre contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 7

helps the intestines move food and faeces along the gut

Question 8

How does water contribute to a balanced diet?

Answer 8

• two thirds of the human body is water, so we need to replenish that regularly

Question 9

How does age affect dietary needs?

Answer 9

a newborn needs much less food/nutrition/energy compared to a teenage boy or adult
- energy needs go down as you get older (50+)

Question 10

How does gender affect dietary needs?

Answer 10

girls have a smaller energy requirement than boys

- girls also lose blood when they are menstruating, so they need more iron than boys

Question 11

How does pregnancy affect diet?

Answer 11

• they will need to eat their normal energy intake plus energy for the baby
• needs more protein, iron and vitamin D + calcium
• breastfeeding women will need to take more vitamins and calcium

Question 12

How does activity levels affect diet?

Answer 12

• people who do more physical labour will need more energy, and have a higher energy intake

Question 13

What happens when someone is malnourished?

Answer 13

when someone doesn’t have a balanced diet
effects are decrease body mass
- causes include inappropriate dietary choices, a low income, difficulty obtaining food, and various physical and mental health conditions.

Question 14

What happens when someone is starving?

Answer 14

• body mass drops

Question 15

What happens when someone has coronary heart disease?

Answer 15

• when someone cholesterol builds up in a persons arteries, it blocks the flow of blood

Question 16

What happens when someone is constipated?

Answer 16

• food moves to slowly through the digestive tract

- happens because of fibre deficiency

Question 17

What happens when someone is obese?

Answer 17

• heightens risk of other health problems (diabetes etc)

Question 18

what are the effects and causes of deficiencies in iron?

Answer 18

anemia leaves people tired and short of breath

- can’t produce enough red blood cells (can’t carry oxygen around the body)

Question 19

what is ingestion?

Answer 19

• taking in of substances, into the body through the mouth

Question 20

what is mechanical digestion?

Answer 20

breaking down food into smaller pieces without any chemical change
- happens in the mouth and the stomach

Question 21

what is chemical digestion?

Answer 21

breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
- happens in mouth, stomach and small intestine

Question 22

what is absorption?

Answer 22

the movement fo small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

Question 23

what is assimilation?

Answer 23

movement of digested food molecules from the blood into the cells of the body where they are used

Question 24

what is egestion?

Answer 24

passing out food that has not been digested or absorbed

Question 25

what is diarrhoea?

Answer 25

it's when too little water was absorbed in the digestive process, so faeces become watery - person can lose water and sodium ion (becomes dehydrated)

Question 26

what is the treatment for diarrhoea?

Answer 26

oral rehydration therapy is used to treat diarrhoea | - consume water, sodium chloride and glucose

Question 27

what is cholera?

Answer 27

(bacteria) - disease spread through contaminated water in places with poor sanitation - causes diarrhoea and can lead to death

Question 28

what does the mouth do?

Answer 28

where food enters alimentary canal and digestion beigns

Question 29

what do the salivary glands do?

Answer 29

produce saliva, which is secreted into the mouth | - contains amylase, an enzyme that beaks down starch into maltose

Question 30

what does the oesophagus do?

Answer 30

muscular tube which moves food to the stomach

Question 31

what does the stomach do?

Answer 31

where mechanical and chemical digestion continues

Question 32

what does the small (duodenum and ileum) intestine do?

Answer 32

duodenum | - food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile

Question 33

what does the pancreas do?

Answer 33

it secretes pancreatic juice - it helps with chemical digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. - helps to neutralise acid because of its alkaline nature

Question 34

what does the small (duodenum and ileum) intestine do?

Answer 34

duodenum - food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile | ileum - digested food is absorbed into the blood

Question 35

what does gall bladder do?

Answer 35

- bile is stored in the gall bladder before its released

Question 36

what journey does the food take?

Answer 36

mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus

Question 37

what does the large intestine (colon, rectum, anus) do?

Answer 37

colon - water is reabsorbed rectum - faeces are stored anus - faeces leave the alimentary canal

Question 38

why do we have different types of teeth?

Answer 38

different teeth are used for different types of food - canines are used for meat (tougher foods) - incisors are used for cutting teeth - premolars are used for tearing and grinding foods - molars are used for things like nuts

Question 39

what causes tooth decay?

Answer 39

sugar | - bacteria will build up on teeth if they are not kept clean

Question 40

what does the digestive system do?

Answer 40

an organ system which digests and absorbs food

Question 41

what are the five different stage during foods passage through the alimentary canal?

Answer 41

``` ingestion mechanical digestion chemical digestion absorption assimilation digestion ```

Question 42

what's peristalsis?

Answer 42

- mechanism that helps move food along the alimentary canal

Question 43

what are the steps of peristalsis?

Answer 43

- muscles in the walls of the oesophagus create waves of contractions which force the bolus along - once the bolus has reached the stomach it is churned into a less solid form - circular muscles contract to reduce diameter of the lumen - longitudinal muscles contract to reduce length - wave like action

Question 44

what is a bolus?

Answer 44

a ball of partially digested food which is mixed with saliva - formed when food is chewed

Question 45

what is peristalsis controlled by?

Answer 45

circular and longitudinal muscles

Question 46

what aids peristalsis?

Answer 46

mucus - lubricates the food mass and reduces friction dietary fibre - provides the roughage for muscles to push against

Question 47

what does bile do?

Answer 47

made up of bile salts - neutralising acid from stomach, because of its alkaline properties - emulsifying fat (mechanical digestion)

Question 48

what does the alkaline conditions of bile help?

Answer 48

allows lipase to chemically breakdown fat into glycerol and fatty acids