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z - biology > P1 3a reproduction > Flashcards

P1 3a reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A

produce the hormone testosterone

produce sperm cells

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2
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A

the sperm cells go into the epididymis and mature, they are stored in there

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3
Q

what is the function of the sperm duct?

A

transfer the semen during ejaculation

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4
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

it produces semen, which is a sugary solution

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5
Q

what is the function of the prostate?

A

produces the rest of the semen and anticoagulants
- there are also Chemicals in the prostate (that get mixed in with semen) that stop the semen from denaturing from the strong acids in the vagina

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6
Q

what is the function of erectile tissue?

A

it acts like a sponge and fills up and absorbs with blood, creates high pressure

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7
Q

what does mitochondria do?

A

provides energy through anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

what is the function of the ovaries?

A

produce egg cells, or the ova

where two hormones are made, progesterone and oestrogen

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9
Q

what is the function of the Fallopian tubes?

A

bring the egg cells into the uterus

- it has Sicilia in it which moves the eggs along, this can take about 7 days

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10
Q

where does fertilisation happen?

A

in the fallopian tubes

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11
Q

what happens in fertilisation?

A

the egg cells goes into the uterus and grows, the endometrium layer provides it with minerals, nutrients etc

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12
Q

what happens if the egg cell doesn’t get fertilised?

A

the endometrium layer and the egg cell sheds, which is menustrating

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13
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

supports the growing embryo in the uterus, can contract and relax
- closes for support

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14
Q

what is the function of the vagina?

A

connects the Cervix and uterus

is it where sperm enters the body

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15
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes, that from a zygote
- it is the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

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16
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

fusion of gamete nuclei

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17
Q

what makes gametes different?

A

they are haploid nucleus, they contain 23 chromosomes

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18
Q

what are the advantages for sexual reproduction?

A
  • increases genetic variation
  • can adapt to new environments due to reproduction, gives survival advantage
  • disease is less likely to affect a whole population (again due to variation)
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19
Q

what are the disadvantages for sexual reproduction?

A
  • take time and energy to find mates

- difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce

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20
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

the process resulting in genetically identical offspring being produced from one parent

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21
Q

what makes asexual reproduction different?

A
  • doesn’t involve gametes or fertilisation
  • only one parent is required
  • no genetic variation, the offspring is genetically identical to the parent
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22
Q

what is the process of bacteria reproducing called?

A

binary fission

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23
Q

what is the process of binary fission?

A

cell contents double
cell division by binary fission
produced two genetically identical daughter cells

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24
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • population can be increased rapidly when conditions are right
  • can exploit suitable environments quickly
  • more time and energy efficient
  • its completed much faster
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25
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • limited genetic variation in population
  • population is vulnerable to changes in conditions, Amy only be suited to one environment/habitat
  • disease is likely to effect whole population (no variation)
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26
Q

what is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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27
Q

what are the two types of pollination?

A
  • insect-pollinated flowers

- wind pollinated flowers

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28
Q

what is the function of the sepal?

A

protects the unopened flower

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29
Q

what is the function of the petals?

A

brightly coloured in insect pollinated flowers to attract insects

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30
Q

what is the function of the anther?

A

produces and released the male sex cell (pollen grain)

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31
Q

what is the function of the stigma?

A

top of the female part of the flower which collets pollen grains

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32
Q

what is the function of the ovary?

A

produces the female sex cell (ovum)

33
Q

what is the function of the ovule?

A

contains the female sex cell, found inside the ovary

34
Q

what happens in insect pollinated flowers?

A

pollinating agents are insects

  • incests visit flower to collect nectar
  • it brushes against the anthers and they deposit sticky pollen onto the insects body
  • when the insect goes to another flower some of the pollen gets deposited onto the stigma of the second flower
35
Q

what are the adaptations to insect pollinated flowers?

A
  • large brightly coloured petals
  • strong scent and nectar to attract insects
  • moderate amount of pollen grains
  • pollen grains are large and sticky
  • anthers are inside flowers, firmly attached
  • stigma are inside flower, sticky
36
Q

what happens in wind pollination?

A
  • anthers open and shed their pollen

- pollen is blown or carried by the wind, until by chance it lands on the stigma of the same plant species

37
Q

what are the adaptations to wind pollinated flowers?

A
  • petals are small and dull
  • no scent or nectar present
  • large amounts of pollen grains
  • polen is smooth, small and light
  • anthers and stigma are outside the flower, to release and catch pollen grains
38
Q

what is cross pollination?

A
  • when pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species
39
Q

advantage of cross pollination?

A

Increases the genetic variation in the offspring

40
Q

what is self pollination?

A

when pollen lands on its own stigma, or it lands on the stigma of another flower on the same plant

41
Q

when does fertilisation occur in plants?

A

when the pollen grain nucleus fuses with the ovum nucleus

42
Q

what happens in plant fertilisation?

A
  • pollen grain lands of stigma
  • pollen tube begins to grow down style
  • pollen nucleus travels down pollen tube
  • pollen tube enters ovule through micropyle
  • pollen nucleus fuses with ovum nucleus
  • ovule eventually develops into a seed
43
Q

how do seeds from?

A

the ovule, containing the zygote develops into the seed

- the wall develops into the seed coat

44
Q

how does fruit form?

A

the ovary walls, or the parts around the ovule develop into fruit

45
Q

why are fruit produced and helpful to plants?

A
  • provide a mechanism for seed dispersal
46
Q

what is germination?

A

start of growth in the seed

47
Q

what happens in germination?

A

the embryo begins to grow into the seedling

  • the cotyledons provide food and therefore energy when the seed starts germinating
  • when the seedling grows leaves it becomes capable of making its own food through photosynthesis
  • after taking in water the seed coat splits
48
Q

practical, conditions for germination

A
  • set up 4 test tubes, contains 10 cress seeds on cotton wool
  • for test tube A leave wool dry
  • for B add enough water to cotton so it becomes moist
  • for C add water to cover wool and seeds, add layer of oil
  • for D add enough that its moist
  • leave A,B,C at room temp
  • D in fridge
    leave tubes for 3 days (add more water if needed)
49
Q

what are the factors required for successful germination?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • warmth/sun
50
Q

how does natural asexual reproduction in plants happen?

A
  • some plants grow runners that have small platelets at the ends
  • grow sideways
  • when they touch the soil the platelets will grow roots
51
Q

how does artificial asexual reproduction in plants happen?

A

taking cuttings

  • a section with a new bud is cut off
  • can be placed in water or directly into soil
  • rooting powder, contains rooting hormones can be used to encourage new growths
52
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

sac supporting testes to ensure sperm are kept at the same temperature

53
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

passes urine and allows semen to pass into vagina

54
Q

what are the parts of the sperm?

A

acrosome - head
tail
middle piece

55
Q

what are the adaptive features of sperm?

A

flagellum - till
contains enzymes (in acrosome)
has lots of mitochondria

56
Q

what are the parts of the egg cells?

A

cytoplasm, haploid nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria

57
Q

what are the adaptive features of egg cells?

A

cytoplasm contains a store of energy

jelly like coating that changes after fertilisation

58
Q

why does the sperm have flagellum?

A

enables it to swim to the egg

59
Q

why does the sperm have enzymes in the acrosome?

A

to digest through jelly coat and cell membrane of an egg cell

60
Q

why does the sperm have mitochondria?

A

provides energy from respiration, for locomotion q

61
Q

why does the egg cell have cytoplasm with a store of energy?

A

provides energy for the diving zygote after fertilisation

62
Q

why does the egg cell have a jelly like coating?

A

forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilisation to prevent other sperm entering the egg cell

63
Q

what happens in fertilisation?

A

when a sperm meets an egg cell in the oviduct, fertilisation can occur

  • it is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete and a female gamete
  • during it the head of the sperm releases enzymes that digest a path though the protective layer of the cell
  • then the egg cell releases a thick layer of material that prevents any more sperm from entering
64
Q

what happens after fusion of the gametes?

A

they become a zygote, which then divides by mitosis to form two new cells, this continues until an embryo is formed

65
Q

what happens during ejaculation?

A

millions of sperm cell move along the sperm duct
they are suspended in semen
the semen passes into the urethra
- when the sperm travels through the plug of mucus in the cervix to reach the uterus

66
Q

what happens in implantation of the foetus?

A

the embryo will reach the uterus and embeds itself in the thick lining, where it will continue to grow and develop

67
Q

where does the placenta form?

A

where the embryo is attached

68
Q

what is placenta?

A

an organ that ensures materials can be exchanged between the blood of the mother and the growing embryo

69
Q

what is the umbilical cord?

A

it joins the embryos blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products

70
Q

what is amniotic fluid?

A

a fluid made from the mothers blood plasma

- its held in the amniotic sac

71
Q

what does amniotic fluid do?

A

protects the embryo during development

72
Q

what does the mothers blood absorb from the foetus blood in the placenta?

A

carbon dioxide and urea

73
Q

what does the foetus need to grow, and where does it get it?

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, water, oxygen, mineral ions and vitamins
from the mother through the umbilical cord

74
Q

how is the placenta adapted?

A

large surface area and thin wall for efficient diffusion

75
Q

what are the effects of oestrogen?

A

female hormone that develop secondary sexual characteristics

  • breast develop
  • body hair grows
  • menstrual cycle begins
  • hips get wider
76
Q

what are the effects of testosterone?

A

male hormone that develop secondary sexual characteristics

  • growth of penis and testes
  • growth of facial and body hair
  • muscles develop
  • voice breaks
  • testes start to produce sperm
77
Q

what is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • maintains and thickens the lining of the uterus

- if fertilisation doesn’t occur levels drop and mensturation occurs

78
Q

what is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • stimulates the uterus to develop a lining

z - biology (21 decks)

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