(P) Part I: The Moral Agent

Question 1

quality that some people have more than others; depends on some factors like status, class, education, taste in music or film, and speech habits

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

Sometimes, people visit places like museums or art galleries to increase their so called ________

Answer 2

Cultural awareness

Question 3

used to denote that which is related to the arts
and humanities

Answer 3

Culture

Question 4

cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience,
beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies,
religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations,
concepts of the universe and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving

Answer 4

Culture

Question 5

consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups,

Answer 5

Culture

Question 6

sum total of the learned behavior of a group of
people that are generally considered to be the
tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

cultivated behavior in its broadest sense; that is, the totality of a person’s learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

cultivated behavior in its broadest sense; that is, the totality of a person’s learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning

Answer 8

Culture

Question 9

the process by which individuals acquire
knowledge from others in the groups to which
they belong, as a normal part of childhood

Answer 9

Social learning

Question 10

The process by which infants and children
socially learn the culture, including morality, of
those around them

Answer 10

Enculturation or socialization

Question 11

They say that there are nothing but just social
conventions

Answer 11

Moral laws

Question 12

those things agreed upon
by people like through their authorities

Answer 12

Convention

Question 13

usual or customary ways
through which things are done within a
group

Answer 13

Convention

Question 14

means positive development or
development toward achieving a goal or
reaching a higher standard

Answer 14

Progress

Question 15

Refers to not just changing, but
changing for the better

Answer 15

Moral progress

Question 16

people who tried to
change the moral ideas of their own age for
the better; people who understood morality
better than others did.

Answer 16

Reformers or Pioners

Question 17

when one says
that a particular action “ought” or “ought not” to be done, he/she is not simply echoing social
approval or disapproval.

Answer 17

Social conditioning theory

Question 18

perhaps the most famous
form of moral relativism, a theory in ethics
which holds that ethical judgments have their
origins either in individual or cultural
standards.

Answer 18

Cultural relativism

Question 19

Claims that no act is good or bad
objectively, and there is no single objective universal standard through which we can
evaluate the truth of moral judgments.

Answer 19

Moral relativism

Question 20

different moral principles
apply to different persons or group of
individuals.

Answer 20

Moral relativism

Question 21

defines ‘moral’ as what is ‘socially
approved’ by the majority in a certain
culture

Answer 21

Cutural relativism

Question 22

Claims that there is no universal
truth in ethics; that is, there are no moral truths
that hold for all peoples at all times

Answer 22

Cultural relativism

Question 23

Known for infanticides

Answer 23

Eskimos

Question 24

Known for eating the dead

Answer 24

Callatians

Question 25

Filipino cultural morality, especially that which concerns social ethics, centers on ideally having a ________________

Answer 25

Smooth interpersonal relationship

Question 26

having and maintaining ‘good public relations’; usually being practiced to avoid clash with other people or a certain group

Answer 26

Pakikisama

Question 27

described as a feeling of lowliness, shame or embarrassment, and inhibition or shyness which is experienced as somewhat distressing

Answer 27

Hiya

Question 28

although commonly translated as ‘self- respect’ or self-esteem, it has been characterized as the high degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to criticisms and causes him to have an easily wounded pride

Answer 28

Amor propio

Question 29

A fundamental aspect of upholding group harmony and relationships that demand the balancing of obligations and debts

Answer 29

Utang na loob

Question 30

Innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous and entertaining to their guests

Answer 30

Filipino hospitality

Question 31

As an expression of this, we use of po and opo when talking to elders and pagmamano or the putting of the elder’s hand to one’s forehead

Answer 31

Respect for elders

Question 32

Refers to those values generally shared by cultures; a strong proof that cultural relativism is wrong

Answer 32

Universal values

Question 33

refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty.

Answer 33

Moral character

Question 34

derived from the Greek word ‘charaktêr’ which was initially used as a mark impressed upon a coinl; this later came to mean a distinct mark by which one thing was distinguished from others,

Answer 34

Character

Question 35

in philosophical sense, refers to having or lacking moral virtue.

Answer 35

Moral character

Question 36

ought to be stable and enduring and are not mere products of fortune, but of learning, constant practice, and cultivation

Answer 36

Virtuous traits

Question 37

are particular kinds of properties or characteristics that objects can possess.

Answer 37

Dispositions

Question 38

a moral character trait for which a person is deserving of a positive reactive attitude, such as praise or gratitude

Answer 38

Virtue

Question 39

a moral character trait for which the agent is deserving of a negative reactive attitude, such as resentment or blame

Answer 39

Vice

Question 40

He proposed the Six Stages of Moral Development

Answer 40

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 41

People make decisions based on what is best for themselves, without regard for other’s needs or feelings. They obey rules only if established by more powerful individuals; they may disobey if they aren’t likely to get caught. “Wrong behaviors are those that will be punished"

Answer 41

Stage 1: Punishment-avoidance and obedience

Question 42

People recognize that others also have needs. They may try to satisfy others’ needs if their own needs are also met (“you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”) They continue to define right and wrong primarily in terms of consequences to themselves

Answer 42

Stage 2: Exchange of Favors

Question 43

People make decisions based on what actions will please others, especially authority figures and other individuals with high status (e.g., teachers, popular peers). They are concerned about maintaining relationship through sharing, trust, and loyalty, and they take other people’s perspective and intentions into account when making decision.

Answer 43

Stage 3: Good boy/girl

Question 44

People look to society as a hole for guidelines about right and wrong. They know rules are necessary for keeping society running smoothly and believe it is their “duty” to obey them. However, they perceive rules to be inflexible; they don’t necessarily recognize that as society’s needs change, rules should change as well

Answer 44

Stage 4: Law and order

Question 45

People recognize that rules represent agreements among many individuals about appropriate behavior. Rules are seen as potentially useful mechanisms that can maintain the general social order and protect individual rights, rather than as absolute dictates that must be obeyed simply because they are “the law.” People also recognize the flexibility of rules; rules that no longer serve society’s best interests can and should be changed

Answer 45

Stage 5: Social contract

Question 46

is a hypothetical, “ideal” stage that few people ever reach. People in this stage adhere to a few abstract, universal principles (e.g., equality of all people, respect of human dignity, commitment to justice) that transcend specific norms and rules. They answer to a strong inner conscience and willingly disobey laws that violate their own ethical principles.

Answer 46

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle