(M) Part III, L1: Basic Theories as Frameworks in Ethics Flashcards
defined as a basic structure underlying a system or concept
Framework
a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality
Framework
branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality
Meta-Ethics
talks about the meaning, reference, and truth values of moral judgments
Meta-Ethics
explains what goodness and wickedness mean and how we know about them
Meta-Ethics
moral judgments convey propositions, that is, they are ‘truth bearers’ or they are either true or false
Cognitivism
right or wrong are matters of fact
Cognitivism
existence of moral facts and the truth (or falsity) of moral judgments are independent of people’s thoughts and perception
Moral realism
morality is about objective facts, not facts about any person or group’s subjective judgment
Moral realism
truth (or falsity) of ethical propositions are dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group of persons
Ethical subjectivism
denies that moral judgment are either true or false
Non-cognitivism
ethical statements do not convey authentic propositions; hence, they are neither true nor false.
Non-cognitvism
moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings; ethical sentences cannot be either true or false
Emotivism
also called as moral objectvism
Moral universalism
moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places
Moral universalism
universal ethic exists and this applies to all similarly situated persons regardless of anything
Moral universalism
Which theory is moral universalism compatible with?
Moral Realism
different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or groups of individuals
Moral relativism
various cultures have distinct standards of right and wrong; ethical standards change over time
Moral relativism
Which theory is moral relativism compatible with?
Ethical subjectivism
moral facts are known through observation and experience
Moral empiricism
states that all matters of fact is derived from experience and our mind is not equipped with pre-experience concepts
Empiricism
hold that moral truths are reducible to matters about people’s opinions or cultural conventions; recognizable by observation of their conventions
Moral empiricism
moral facts and principles are knowable a priori
Moral rationalism
knowledge about reality are grained through non-empirical deductive system, most forms of rationalism purport that moral facts are known through rational inferential process.
Rationalism
relies on reason rather than intuition in justifying a belief or action
Moral rationalism
moral truths are knowable by intuition, by immediate instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence
Moral intuitionism
we have an intuitive awareness of value or morality and it defined the basis of our ethical knowledge
Moral intuitionism
moral value o actions may be known intuitively, even if consequences have not been uncovered
Moral intuitionism
moral facts can be known without inference
Moral intuitionism
branch of ethics that studies how man out to act
Normative ethics
it examines ethical norms, that is, those guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just
Normative ethics
T of F; Normative ethics is not prescriptive in nature
False
Deals with issues like “what one ought to do?”
Normative ethics
An ethical system that bases morality on independent moral rules or duties
Deontology
“Duty” came from what Greek word?
Deon
This system equates behaving morally with adherence to duties or moral rules and acting immorally with failure to obey them
Deontology
Is Deontology nonconsequentialism or consequentialism?
Nonconsequentialism
The system’s prnciples are submitted as obligatory, regardless of the consequences that actions might produce `
Nonconsequentialism
Refers to moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results
Teleology
From the Greek word ___ which means ‘end’
Telos
Takes into account the end result of the action as the exclusive consideration of its morality
Teleology
Deems an action as morally right if its favorable consequences are greater than its adverse outcomes
Teleology
Morality is determined solely by a cost-benefit evaluation of the action’s consequences
Consequentialism
A moral system that places emphasis on developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits
Virtue Ethics
These theories give importance to moral education which molds individuals to habitually act in a virtuous manner
Virtue-based theories
This examines specific, controversial moral issues
Applied Ethics
Not only must it be a matter of moral judgement but also it has to be controversial
Applied Ethics
This concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care, etc.
Bioethics
Deals with concerns such as nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents
Environmental ethics
Examines principles concerning business environment which involves about corporate practices, policies, business behavior, etc
Business Ethics
Studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior
Sexual ethics
Deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole
Social ethics
