(M) Part III, L5: Justice and Fairness Flashcards
According to him, utilitarian thinking cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.
Rawls
cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.
Utilitarianism
He used the elements of both Kantian and utilitarian philosophy in describing a method for the moral evaluation of social and political institutions.
Rawls
What are Rawls’ two principles?
The Liberty Principle
The Second Principle
Rawls’ Principles “Each person has the same and indefeasible [permanent]
claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all.”
The Liberty Principle
“Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions (1) first, they are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (2) second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society”
Rawls’ Second Principle
Rawls’ Principle; ideal but controversial element of his theory of social justice. In a 1968 essay: “All differences in wealth and income, all social and economic inequalities, should work for the
good of the least favored”
2nd Principle
Everybody has the same basic liberties which can never be taken away.
The Liberty Principle
T or F: basic liberties could be limited, but only for the sake of liberty
True
This principle allows such inequalities in the society but under certain conditions.
2nd principle
principle recognizes that a society could not avoid inequalities among its people. In real world, inequalities result from things such as a person’s inherited characteristics, social class, personal motivation, and even ‘luck.’
2nd principle
is the ideal but controversial element of Rawls’ theory of social justice
Difference Principle
maximizing the improvement of the
‘least-advantaged’ group in society under this principle
Difference Principle
T or F: The First Principle
(‘basic liberties’) holds priority over the Second
True
T or F: The second part of the Second Principle (‘fair equality of opportunity’) holds priority over the first part (‘Difference Principle’).
False
T or F: both the First and Second Principles together are indispensable for a just society
True
What are the two parts of Rawls’ Second Principle?
- Fair equality of opportunity
- Difference principle
What concept did Rawls revive?
Social contract
Who developed the concept of social contract?
John Locke
Jean Jacques Rousseau
The contract encompassed that people would obey their leader, typically a king, and he would assure their natural rights
Social contract
His social contract concept was subscribed to by ________ in writing the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
It was not a real assembly of real people, negotiating over a contract. It was just an imagined gathering held under strict conditions that allowed persons to deliberate, only by employing their reason and logic. Their mission was to assess principles of social justice and select the best ones.
Thought Experiment
The individuals in this thought experiment had to pick their justice principles under a ________
Veil of ignorance
This means that these persons would know nothing about their specific positions in society; people reach a fair and impartial contract as true equals not prejudiced by their place in society
Veil of ignorance
Means maximizing the average wealth of the people
Average Utility
Rational human beings would pick four things, which he called what?
Primary goods
Primary goods include?
(1) wealth and income, (2) rights
and liberties, (3) opportunities for
advancement, (4) self-respect.
On how wealth and income should be distributed in a just society, Rawls contended that the imaginary group members would adopt the __________
maximum-minimum’ (‘maximin’) rule
Refers the best choice is the highest minimum
Maximin rule
Rawls’ ‘Justice as Fairness’ principles is an example of a social justice concept called _________
Distributive justice
includes the available quantities of goods, the process by which goods are distributed, and the subsequent allocation of the goods to society members.
Distributive justice
People usually turn to the ________ of their group to determine whether distributive justice has occurred.
distributive norms
standard of behavior that is required, desired, or designated as normal within a specific group.
Distributive norms
said to have occurred if rewards and costs are allocated according to the designated distributive norms of the group
Distributive justice
Members’ outcomes should be based upon their inputs.
Equity
Regardless of their inputs, all group members should be given an equal share of the rewards/costs.
Equality
Those with more authority, status, or control over the group should receive more than those in lower level positions
Power
Those in greatest needs should be provided with resources needed to meet those needs.
Need
Group members who have the most should share their resources with those who have less.
Responsibilty
In social psychology, it is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by, or distributed across, group members.
Distributive justice
Socio-economic political theories; a set of closely related socio-economicpolitical theories that without exemption promote the proposition that all society members ought to have exactly equal amount of resources.
Egalitarianism
T or F: Rawlsian egalitarianism suggests that inequalities are permissible, and can even be to the advantage of all, but only if they meet some conditions.
True
when people, businesses, and corporations perform based on their individual self-interest for their own benefit
Laissez-faire capitalist distributive justice
A just society; ownership of the means of
production is broadly distributed and those who are worst off are affluent enough to be
economically independent.
A property-owning democracy
a system where the government or a central authority controls the production of goods and services
State socialist distributive justice
also called ‘welfare democracy,’ is a better version of a socialist distributive justice as it has a system of social insurance to help disadvantaged persons.
Democratic socialism
The system incorporates free-market principles in producing goods and services with general
principles about compassion and concern for
others.
Democratic socialism
Which countries practice democratic socialism?
Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, and Japan
a means by which the state and its
citizens accomplish their responsibilities to each other; government expenditures fundamentally involve social welfare programs for citizens
Taxation
a means by which states or governments finance their expenditure, basically and ideally for constituents, by imposing charges on them and corporate entities
Taxation
T or F: taxes are essentially ‘socialist.’
True
works hand-in-hand with
capitalism, free markets, and private property. The system requires paying high taxes to help pay for a wide range of state-funded social services,
Democratic socialism
economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society”
Inclusive growth
T or F: Some economists thus argue that capitalism, not democratic socialism, could really result into inclusive growth
False (baliktad)
