(M) Part III, L5: Justice and Fairness

Question 1

According to him, utilitarian thinking cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.

Answer 1

Rawls

Question 2

cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.

Answer 2

Utilitarianism

Question 3

He used the elements of both Kantian and utilitarian philosophy in describing a method for the moral evaluation of social and political institutions.

Answer 3

Rawls

Question 4

What are Rawls’ two principles?

Answer 4

The Liberty Principle
The Second Principle

Question 5

Rawls’ Principles “Each person has the same and indefeasible [permanent]
claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all.”

Answer 5

The Liberty Principle

Question 6

“Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions (1) first, they are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (2) second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society”

Answer 6

Rawls’ Second Principle

Question 7

Rawls’ Principle; ideal but controversial element of his theory of social justice. In a 1968 essay: “All differences in wealth and income, all social and economic inequalities, should work for the
good of the least favored”

Answer 7

2nd Principle

Question 8

Everybody has the same basic liberties which can never be taken away.

Answer 8

The Liberty Principle

Question 9

T or F: basic liberties could be limited, but only for the sake of liberty

Answer 9

True

Question 10

This principle allows such inequalities in the society but under certain conditions.

Answer 10

2nd principle

Question 11

principle recognizes that a society could not avoid inequalities among its people. In real world, inequalities result from things such as a person’s inherited characteristics, social class, personal motivation, and even ‘luck.’

Answer 11

2nd principle

Question 12

is the ideal but controversial element of Rawls’ theory of social justice

Answer 12

Difference Principle

Question 13

maximizing the improvement of the
‘least-advantaged’ group in society under this principle

Answer 13

Difference Principle

Question 14

T or F: The First Principle
(‘basic liberties’) holds priority over the Second

Answer 14

True

Question 15

T or F: The second part of the Second Principle (‘fair equality of opportunity’) holds priority over the first part (‘Difference Principle’).

Answer 15

False

Question 16

T or F: both the First and Second Principles together are indispensable for a just society

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What are the two parts of Rawls’ Second Principle?

Answer 17

1. Fair equality of opportunity
2. Difference principle

Question 18

What concept did Rawls revive?

Answer 18

Social contract

Question 19

Who developed the concept of social contract?

Answer 19

John Locke
Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 20

The contract encompassed that people would obey their leader, typically a king, and he would assure their natural rights

Answer 20

Social contract

Question 21

His social contract concept was subscribed to by ________ in writing the Declaration of Independence.

Answer 21

Thomas Jefferson

Question 22

It was not a real assembly of real people, negotiating over a contract. It was just an imagined gathering held under strict conditions that allowed persons to deliberate, only by employing their reason and logic. Their mission was to assess principles of social justice and select the best ones.

Answer 22

Thought Experiment

Question 23

The individuals in this thought experiment had to pick their justice principles under a ________

Answer 23

Veil of ignorance

Question 24

This means that these persons would know nothing about their specific positions in society; people reach a fair and impartial contract as true equals not prejudiced by their place in society

Answer 24

Veil of ignorance

Question 25

Means maximizing the average wealth of the people

Answer 25

Average Utility

Question 26

Rational human beings would pick four things, which he called what?

Answer 26

Primary goods

Question 27

Primary goods include?

Answer 27

(1) wealth and income, (2) rights
and liberties, (3) opportunities for
advancement, (4) self-respect.

Question 28

On how wealth and income should be distributed in a just society, Rawls contended that the imaginary group members would adopt the __________

Answer 28

maximum-minimum’ (‘maximin’) rule

Question 29

Refers the best choice is the highest minimum

Answer 29

Maximin rule

Question 30

Rawls’ ‘Justice as Fairness’ principles is an example of a social justice concept called _________

Answer 30

Distributive justice

Question 31

includes the available quantities of goods, the process by which goods are distributed, and the subsequent allocation of the goods to society members.

Answer 31

Distributive justice

Question 32

People usually turn to the ________ of their group to determine whether distributive justice has occurred.

Answer 32

distributive norms

Question 33

standard of behavior that is required, desired, or designated as normal within a specific group.

Answer 33

Distributive norms

Question 34

said to have occurred if rewards and costs are allocated according to the designated distributive norms of the group

Answer 34

Distributive justice

Question 35

Members’ outcomes should be based upon their inputs.

Answer 35

Equity

Question 36

Regardless of their inputs, all group members should be given an equal share of the rewards/costs.

Answer 36

Equality

Question 37

Those with more authority, status, or control over the group should receive more than those in lower level positions

Answer 37

Power

Question 38

Those in greatest needs should be provided with resources needed to meet those needs.

Answer 38

Need

Question 39

Group members who have the most should share their resources with those who have less.

Answer 39

Responsibilty

Question 40

In social psychology, it is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by, or distributed across, group members.

Answer 40

Distributive justice

Question 41

Socio-economic political theories; a set of closely related socio-economicpolitical theories that without exemption promote the proposition that all society members ought to have exactly equal amount of resources.

Answer 41

Egalitarianism

Question 42

T or F: Rawlsian egalitarianism suggests that inequalities are permissible, and can even be to the advantage of all, but only if they meet some conditions.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

when people, businesses, and corporations perform based on their individual self-interest for their own benefit

Answer 43

Laissez-faire capitalist distributive justice

Question 44

A just society; ownership of the means of
production is broadly distributed and those who are worst off are affluent enough to be
economically independent.

Answer 44

A property-owning democracy

Question 45

a system where the government or a central authority controls the production of goods and services

Answer 45

State socialist distributive justice

Question 46

also called ‘welfare democracy,’ is a better version of a socialist distributive justice as it has a system of social insurance to help disadvantaged persons.

Answer 46

Democratic socialism

Question 47

The system incorporates free-market principles in producing goods and services with general
principles about compassion and concern for
others.

Answer 47

Democratic socialism

Question 48

Which countries practice democratic socialism?

Answer 48

Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, and Japan

Question 49

a means by which the state and its
citizens accomplish their responsibilities to each other; government expenditures fundamentally involve social welfare programs for citizens

Answer 49

Taxation

Question 50

a means by which states or governments finance their expenditure, basically and ideally for constituents, by imposing charges on them and corporate entities

Answer 50

Taxation

Question 51

T or F: taxes are essentially ‘socialist.’

Answer 51

True

Question 52

works hand-in-hand with
capitalism, free markets, and private property. The system requires paying high taxes to help pay for a wide range of state-funded social services,

Answer 52

Democratic socialism

Question 53

economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society”

Answer 53

Inclusive growth

Question 54

T or F: Some economists thus argue that capitalism, not democratic socialism, could really result into inclusive growth

Answer 54

False (baliktad)