(M) Part III, L5: Justice and Fairness Flashcards

1
Q

According to him, utilitarian thinking cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.

A

Rawls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cannot absolutely exclude systems such as slavery or racial segregation as there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss them from consideration.

A

Utilitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

He used the elements of both Kantian and utilitarian philosophy in describing a method for the moral evaluation of social and political institutions.

A

Rawls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Rawls’ two principles?

A

The Liberty Principle
The Second Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rawls’ Principles “Each person has the same and indefeasible [permanent]
claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all.”

A

The Liberty Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions (1) first, they are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (2) second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society”

A

Rawls’ Second Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rawls’ Principle; ideal but controversial element of his theory of social justice. In a 1968 essay: “All differences in wealth and income, all social and economic inequalities, should work for the
good of the least favored”

A

2nd Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Everybody has the same basic liberties which can never be taken away.

A

The Liberty Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F: basic liberties could be limited, but only for the sake of liberty

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This principle allows such inequalities in the society but under certain conditions.

A

2nd principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

principle recognizes that a society could not avoid inequalities among its people. In real world, inequalities result from things such as a person’s inherited characteristics, social class, personal motivation, and even ‘luck.’

A

2nd principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is the ideal but controversial element of Rawls’ theory of social justice

A

Difference Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

maximizing the improvement of the
‘least-advantaged’ group in society under this principle

A

Difference Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T or F: The First Principle
(‘basic liberties’) holds priority over the Second

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F: The second part of the Second Principle (‘fair equality of opportunity’) holds priority over the first part (‘Difference Principle’).

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F: both the First and Second Principles together are indispensable for a just society

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two parts of Rawls’ Second Principle?

A
  1. Fair equality of opportunity
  2. Difference principle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What concept did Rawls revive?

A

Social contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who developed the concept of social contract?

A

John Locke
Jean Jacques Rousseau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The contract encompassed that people would obey their leader, typically a king, and he would assure their natural rights

A

Social contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

His social contract concept was subscribed to by ________ in writing the Declaration of Independence.

A

Thomas Jefferson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It was not a real assembly of real people, negotiating over a contract. It was just an imagined gathering held under strict conditions that allowed persons to deliberate, only by employing their reason and logic. Their mission was to assess principles of social justice and select the best ones.

A

Thought Experiment

23
Q

The individuals in this thought experiment had to pick their justice principles under a ________

A

Veil of ignorance

24
Q

This means that these persons would know nothing about their specific positions in society; people reach a fair and impartial contract as true equals not prejudiced by their place in society

A

Veil of ignorance

25
Means maximizing the average wealth of the people
Average Utility
26
Rational human beings would pick four things, which he called what?
Primary goods
27
Primary goods include?
(1) wealth and income, (2) rights and liberties, (3) opportunities for advancement, (4) self-respect.
28
On how wealth and income should be distributed in a just society, Rawls contended that the imaginary group members would adopt the __________
maximum-minimum' ('maximin') rule
29
Refers the best choice is the highest minimum
Maximin rule
30
Rawls' 'Justice as Fairness' principles is an example of a social justice concept called _________
Distributive justice
31
includes the available quantities of goods, the process by which goods are distributed, and the subsequent allocation of the goods to society members.
Distributive justice
32
People usually turn to the ________ of their group to determine whether distributive justice has occurred.
distributive norms
33
standard of behavior that is required, desired, or designated as normal within a specific group.
Distributive norms
34
said to have occurred if rewards and costs are allocated according to the designated distributive norms of the group
Distributive justice
35
Members' outcomes should be based upon their inputs.
Equity
36
Regardless of their inputs, all group members should be given an equal share of the rewards/costs.
Equality
37
Those with more authority, status, or control over the group should receive more than those in lower level positions
Power
38
Those in greatest needs should be provided with resources needed to meet those needs.
Need
39
Group members who have the most should share their resources with those who have less.
Responsibilty
40
In social psychology, it is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by, or distributed across, group members.
Distributive justice
41
Socio-economic political theories; a set of closely related socio-economicpolitical theories that without exemption promote the proposition that all society members ought to have exactly equal amount of resources.
Egalitarianism
42
T or F: Rawlsian egalitarianism suggests that inequalities are permissible, and can even be to the advantage of all, but only if they meet some conditions.
True
43
when people, businesses, and corporations perform based on their individual self-interest for their own benefit
Laissez-faire capitalist distributive justice
44
A just society; ownership of the means of production is broadly distributed and those who are worst off are affluent enough to be economically independent.
A property-owning democracy
45
a system where the government or a central authority controls the production of goods and services
State socialist distributive justice
46
also called 'welfare democracy,' is a better version of a socialist distributive justice as it has a system of social insurance to help disadvantaged persons.
Democratic socialism
47
The system incorporates free-market principles in producing goods and services with general principles about compassion and concern for others.
Democratic socialism
48
Which countries practice democratic socialism?
Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, and Japan
49
a means by which the state and its citizens accomplish their responsibilities to each other; government expenditures fundamentally involve social welfare programs for citizens
Taxation
50
a means by which states or governments finance their expenditure, basically and ideally for constituents, by imposing charges on them and corporate entities
Taxation
51
T or F: taxes are essentially 'socialist.'
True
52
works hand-in-hand with capitalism, free markets, and private property. The system requires paying high taxes to help pay for a wide range of state-funded social services,
Democratic socialism
53
economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society"
Inclusive growth
54
T or F: Some economists thus argue that capitalism, not democratic socialism, could really result into inclusive growth
False (baliktad)