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History > P H - Early Modern > Flashcards

P H - Early Modern Flashcards

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1
Q

what happened to monasteries in england

A

henry viii closed and confiscated treasures of monasteries and their water systems fell to ruins

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2
Q

government power

A

-1500-1700 parliament more powerful
-king still has all power
-merchants lawyers and doctors have more power
-only 3 percent can vote

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3
Q

when was the steam engine invented

A

1712

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4
Q

impact of steam engine

A

hundred of engines in use by 1750
used to pump water out of coal mines

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5
Q

when did agriculture develop

A

1700
enough food for population even as it had doubled

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6
Q

transformations in trade

A

-bristol important trade point and town doubled
-1600-1750 transformation in trade and wider world
-england established colonies and transatlantic slave trade
-printing press and microscope so germs seen but link to disease not realised

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7
Q

baths population change

A

doubled between 1650 and 1700

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8
Q

urbanisation

A

-coastal links , liverpool and bristol grow due to transatlantic slave trade
-north east starts mining coal
-mass urbanisation occurs

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9
Q

wealth and poverty

A

-most people still farm in the countryside but agriculture develops
-huge gap between rich and poor and lives of poor not changed much

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10
Q

water

A

same as medieval
harder to access water in towns as bigger and more crowded
more people had water piped tor homes
water carriers
conduits and smaller ones called bosses

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11
Q

food

A

famines less common
rich ate more meat which was bad for health
more variety of food
tea and coffee houses
sugar

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12
Q

waste

A

privies/jakes over cesspits but still leaked
waste collected by rakers and scavengers
dung hill in towns
animals still common in towns
streets not commonly paved - mud , humans animal waste

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13
Q

housing

A

still tightly packed
more stone houses
more overcrowding
bed sharing
more coal used in towns - pollution

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14
Q

how many coffee houses in 1750

A

500

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15
Q

examples of foods brought from america and asia

A

peppers, pumpkins, chillies, tomatoes, potatoes

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16
Q

clothes of poor labourers

A

one set of woollen clothes that would be riddled with lice and flies that carried typhus and plague

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17
Q

three ways to access water

A

paying for water to be piped to your house
collecting water from a conduit
buying water from a water seller

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18
Q

what did hugh middleton do

A

1609 built a new river which brought spring water 38 miles from the countryside to islington’s to provide 30000 houses with water

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19
Q

how did water sellers work

A

collected water from conduits or river and carried it through the streets in a large container
could pay to bring water to your house

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20
Q

use of coal

A

in sixteenth century coal unpopular as foul smell bur price dropped in seventeenth century so more people used it causing smoke in towns

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21
Q

what did town dwellers do

A

put house hold waste from the floor and ash from the fire outside their house in a basket or tub to be collected by scavengers

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22
Q

what did scavengers do

A

sold urban waste to market gardeners outside the towns

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23
Q

cleaning

A

-if lived near a pond could dip but only possible if a bathtub servants reliable water supply and firewood
-soap from leftover animal fat used for washing clothes but couldn’t be used on skin, only rich afford olive oil soap
-water often dirty and believed to infect through pores so often a dry process using a brush or linen cloth to dislodge lice

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24
Q

how many outbreaks of the plague were there

A

at least 8 major between 1500 and 1670 (one every 20 years)

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25
Q

where did plague mainly strike

A

towns where rats were most common

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26
Q

which kind of plague was most common

A

bubonic plague

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27
Q

what time of year was plague most common in

A

spring/summer as warmer months meant more rats and fleas

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28
Q

how many would be killed in less than a year

A

10 percent of people in a community

29
Q

fact showing early modern people tried to understand plague

A

number of printed medical books and pamphlets increased after 1550

30
Q

beliefs about cause of plague

A

god sent as punishment
god created star formations which caused miasma
unburied corpses,stagnant water and filthy streets caused miasma

31
Q

change in beliefs of cause of plague in seventeenth century

A

emphasised importance of contagion spreading disease
clung on to miasma
no understanding of rats and fleas spreading

32
Q

when did the plague stop returning to england

A

after 1667

33
Q

reason why plague might not have returned

A

effective measures in europe to stop the spread of

34
Q

national government response in 1518

A

henry viii issued a proclamation adopting europes measure of isolation

35
Q

features of 1518 proclamation

A

most important aspect of plague prevention for next 150 years
houses with plague in london identified by straws from windows for 40 days
if anyone left house had to carry a white stick to be avoided
beginning of a national policy on public health

36
Q

national government response in 1578

A

privy council of elizabeth i ordered print of plague orders sent to counties and towns across england
contained seventeen orders which JPs and aldermen had to enforce during plague

37
Q

examples of 1578 plague orders

A

appoint viewers or searches of the dead in each parish to report on how infection developed
special prayers in church
streets and alleys thoroughly cleaned
barrels of tar burned in the streets
no dogs, cats, tame pigeons allowed on streets
clothes and bedding of victims burned
funerals at dusk to reduce number of people
infected houses shut up for 6 weeks with healthy and sick inside
watchmen appointed to enforce

38
Q

how long did the policy of locking whole families up last

A

1578 to 1667

39
Q

national government response in 1604

A

plague act of 1604 extended the help provided to sick families passed by parliament

40
Q

features of 1604 plague act

A

towns collect money from local towns and whole country
harsh punishments for breaking isolation policy
if a plague victim outside of house - hanged
healthy person leaving infected house whipped

41
Q

who coordinated local responses

A

mayors and aldermen

42
Q

what did aldermen in york do in 1550s

A

posted watchmen on ouse bridge to stop movement of infected people
appointed searches to bury the dead and clean infected houses
collected money from each parish to provide food for infected houses

43
Q

when was isolating implemented across england

A

1600s

44
Q

what were pesthouses

A

a type of hospital with no treatment
single room with single beds for all victims
paid for from locals taxes

45
Q

what did cambridge do in 1665

A

travellers and carries brought news of plague
strangers only allowed into town with certificate of health
streets cleaned
stray dogs and cats killed
searchers hired

46
Q

who was the first victim of plague in cambridge

A

john morley in summer 1665 and died in a pesthouse

47
Q

how many bodies were there by dec 1666 in cambridge

A

920 bodies in churchyards and pesthouse plague pits

48
Q

examples of individual responses

A

turning to god
running away
seeking a cure
avoiding the sick
sticking together

49
Q

features of turning to god as a response

A

church attendance increased
no longer flagellation or going on pilgrimage
prayer fasting good behaviour in protestant england

50
Q

features of running away as a response

A

people knew it was infectious
aldermen and church ministers stayed as it was their duty to
accepted response
only an option for the wealthy with friends and houses in countryside

51
Q

features of seeking a cure as a response

A

little hope of receiving treatments
later sixteenth century physicians and apothecaries more common
physicians treated those who could afford to pay or fled
physicians that stayed wore heavy cloaks, hoods and leather beaks with sweet smelling herbs
apothecaries praised for staying
tobacco or herbal remedies used as miasma protection

52
Q

features of avoiding the sick as a response

A

people reluctant to take food to plague victims
didn’t enter houses to write will of dying person
didn’t attend funerals of neighbour
maids and apprentices thrown out of masters houses and died on the streets
violent attacks on individual foreigners and beggars

53
Q

features of sticking together as a response

A

violence to outsiders rare
few abandoned immediate family members
parents stayed together to look after children
elderly took in orphaned children
some carried food and ale to sick friends and neighbours
dignified funerals attended by friends and family

54
Q

which group were worried about gin and alcohol consumption from early in the period and why

A

puritans were worried about gin and alcohol consumption in the early modern period due to drunkenness

55
Q

when did alcohol and gin drinking become a real problem

A

after 1600

56
Q

what were dram shops

A

shops selling cheap spirits and gin

57
Q

why did the government ban imported gin in 1689

A

to encourage distillers in england

58
Q

what was the impact of the government banning imported gin

A

it became incredibly cheap
huge increase of gin drinking by the poor in london
thousands of small gin shops opened in cellars, back rooms, attics and sheds
some sold from barrows in streets

59
Q

what happened by the 1720s with gin

A

became a big social and health problem in london
hundreds of poor men and women used as an escape from lack of work and living conditions
gin shops advertised drunk for a penny dead frunk for two pence
crime went up
increase in death rate

60
Q

which year was the first gin act

A

1729

61
Q

features of the 1729 gin act

A

gin distillers had to pay a tax of 5 shillings on each gallon of gin they produced
gin sellers had to buy an annual licence costing £50

62
Q

why was it impossible to enforce the 1729 gin act

A

so many small gin shops

63
Q

when was the harsher gin act

A

1736

64
Q

features of 1736 gin act

A

licences went up to £50
tax increased to 20 shillings

65
Q

when was the third gin act

A

1743

66
Q

features of 1743 gin act

A

restricted sale of gin to ale houses which already sold beer ale and wine

67
Q

how many gallons of gin consumed by londoners in 1750

A

11 million gallons a year

68
Q

when was the impactful gin act

A

1751

69
Q

features of 1751 gin act

A

anyone caught selling gin illegally imprisoned
whipped for a second offence
third offence led to transportation
reduced gin drinking

History (28 decks)

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