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History > P H - Industrial > Flashcards

P H - Industrial Flashcards

1
Q

beliefs and attitudes

A

charities and churches set up schools
charles darwin book on evolution
alcohol used by all classes
temperance movement formed to stop alcohol drinking

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2
Q

governments

A

education act 1870 - children under 10 in school
lodging houses for single people
back to back difficult to ventilate houses
1832 reform act

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3
Q

features of 1832 reform act

A

votes for men who owned properties
larger towns two mps each
1867 and 1884 vote extended to working class men

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4
Q

science and technology

A

first textile mills, steam engines, coal
germ theory 1861

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5
Q

urbanisation

A

pop increase 6m in 1750 to 37m 1900
agriculture improvements , new machinery
working in factories harmed children - skeletons with twisted bones as lack of vitamin D, fractured rib and jaw, woven bones around lungs, deformed arm bones as weight of working
work at factories started at 5 am lasted until 6pm

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6
Q

wealth and poverty

A

trade across british empire brought new plants, animals , foods and ideas to britain
wages of labouring families to low for adequate diet

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7
Q

food

A

adulterated meat and butter lead to food poisoning
working class families forced to buy food from small shops and street sellers

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8
Q

water and waste

A

poor travelled for streams as no water supplies
rich had some piped water
use of pipes continued and cesspools were built -leaking led to miasma

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9
Q

when did food start to be preserved in cans

A

1860s

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10
Q

when were refridgerators invented

A

1880s

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11
Q

ways food was adulterated

A

milk with water and chalk
butter with copper

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12
Q

how were cesspools emptied

A

night soil men scooped out sewage with a bucket and sold it to local farmers

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13
Q

problem with water closets

A

middle and upper class started using
between 1800 and 1830 linked to sewers
emptied directly into rivers where water companies obtained water

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14
Q

which parts of lifestyle caused cholera

A

unable to afford water companies so used river water
water supplies polluted (rainwater from smoke filled sky)
water closets emptied into rivers
landlords not paying for night soil men so cesspools overflowed into yards

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15
Q

which parts of lifestyle caused typhoid

A

sewers made to drain rainwater not excrement so pools of stinking water filled streets
polluted rivers
shared privies with up to 10 houses
water closets emptied into rivers
cesspools overflowed into years
adulterated food caused food poisoning

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16
Q

which parts of lifestyle caused diphtheria

A

back to back houses lack of ventilation
shared privies with neighbours
lodging houses filthy and overcrowded

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17
Q

which parts of lifestyle caused tuberculosis

A

lodging houses filthy and overcrowded
back to back houses difficult to ventilate

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18
Q

which parts of lifestyle caused rickets

A

adulterated food
meat from diseased animals

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19
Q

when was the first cholera epidemic

A

1831

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20
Q

features of 1831 cholera epidemic

A

authorities presumed it was miasma
asked people to burn barrels of tar
national day of prayer
some towns imposed quarantines

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21
Q

when was the second cholera epidemic

A

1848

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22
Q

features of 1848 cholera epidemic

A

passed 1848 cholera act
made people connect homes to sewers
thought this would stop miasma
infected dirty water now going straight into drinking water via sewers

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23
Q

when was the third cholera epidemic

A

1854

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24
Q

features of 1854 cholera epidemic

A

john snow proves that cholera is water borne

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25
Q

when was the great stink

A

1858

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26
Q

features of the great stink

A

thames dried up and left waste in the sun
parliament left london due to the stink - nothing changed
government did nothing even after john snows discovery

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27
Q

when was the last cholera epidemic

A

1866

28
Q

features of 1866 cholera outbreak

A

less severe
politicians outraged when 7000 died as london water company allowed sewage to pollute water supply of those in east london

29
Q

who was joseph bazalgette

A

chief engineer to londons metropolitan board of works in the mid 19th century

30
Q

how many londoners killed by cholera mid 19th century

A

1853-1854 more than 10000

31
Q

what was joseph bazalgette elected as

A

1856 elected as chief engineer of londons metropolitan board of works

32
Q

features of bazalgette sewage system

A

82 miles of sewers running from east to west across the city
smaller street sewers would carry sewage from peoples houses to main sewers
sewage dumped in thames downstream away from built up area meaning it would not contaminate drinking/washing water
pumping stations on each bank of river pumped waste into large reservoirs to be released twice a day into the sea

33
Q

how long did the sewers take to build

A

7 years

34
Q

how many miles of sewers were constructed

A

thousands of labourers constructed nearly 1300 miles

35
Q

why was the sewage system successful

A

calculated how much waste produced by population each day and doubled it so sewers coped with growing population

36
Q

when was the sewage system fully built

A

1865

37
Q

limitations of bazalgette sewage system

A

other cities in the country took decades to build similar systems

38
Q

role of louis pasteur

A

scientist
paid to investigate why beer and wine was going sour as breweries were losing lots of money

39
Q

original theory of why beer and wine went sour

A

mould and decay came from inside of the item rather than the germs landing on the outside

40
Q

how did pasteur prove germs

A

experimented with different containers
realised when beer was stored in a swan necked flask it did not go off as germs prevented from entering

41
Q

effects of germ theory

A

government could not ignore the conditions in towns and cities any longer
1861 onwards started to force towns to make improvements

42
Q

limitations of germ theory

A

people did not believe pasteur straight away as germs weren’t physically visible
government slow to react as took until 1875 to force towns and viviré to clean water and sewage systems

43
Q

what document did john snow publish

A

on the mode of communication of cholera in 1849

44
Q

how did john snow prove cholera was waterborne

A

cholera outbreak in soho
plotted cases in a map off the area
identified a water pump in broad street as the source of disease
had handle of pump removed and cases decreased

45
Q

effect of john snows discovery

A

contributed to setting up metropolitan board of works to improve water conditions

46
Q

limitations of john snow

A

theory not widely accepted until 1860s
no knowledge of germs so couldn’t explain theory
preventions and treatments couldn’t be developed as had not discovered disease causing germ
government slow to act so further outbreaks occured

47
Q

backstory of chadwick

A

after mothers death moved to london
took up law and journalism and became interested in quality of life

48
Q

role of chadwick

A

1833 chief commissioner

49
Q

what did chadwick investigate

A

conditions in factories and recommended children shouldn’t be employed unless had a certificate saying they were in education 3 hours a day
horrified parliament

50
Q

what did chadwick create

A

report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring poor 1842

51
Q

what did chadwick’s report do

A

detailed how bad the living conditions were of the poor
explained how poor lived with multiple families in one room
no clean drinking water

52
Q

what did chadwick do with his report

A

read it to parliament
so upset that they refused to believe it was true and took away his job
proposed it should be paid for by increasing taxes paid by middle class property owners
proposed a list of solutions for living conditions

53
Q

limitations of chadwick

A

middle classes didn’t want to pay more tax and water companies didn’t want to pay for improvements
act not compulsory so some towns ignored it
by 1853 only 163 places set up boards of health

54
Q

features of 1848 public health act

A

chadwick had lots of support and another cholera outbreak happened so
any towns where death rates higher than 23 per 1000 had to set up boards of health
boards of health had to provide clean water and improve sewers and streets

55
Q

when was the pure food act

A

1860

56
Q

what happened in the pure food act

A

first law that prevented adulteration of food

57
Q

when did working class men get the vote

A

1867

58
Q

impact of working class men getting the vote

A

could now vote for mps and town councillors
now politicians had to listen to them as could be voted out of power

59
Q

when were pail privies used

A

1867

60
Q

features of pail privies

A

a pail (bucket) under each privy seat where waste could be emptied and taken away easily

61
Q

when did benjamin disraeli promise change

A

1872

62
Q

what did benjamin disraeli do

A

led conservative party
wanted support of working class
1872 made a speech promising g he would provide pure air, clean water and house inspections
became prime minister in 1874

63
Q

when did imported food start

A

1873

64
Q

features of importing food

A

price of food dropped
cheap imports of grain started arriving from america
working class people could afford better quality food

65
Q

features of 1875 second public health act

A

forced councils to clean up
all local authorities had to appoint a medical officer to be responsible for sewers, water supplies and rubbish collections
all new houses had to have piped water
sanitary inspectors had to inspect shops to prevent sale of contaminated food

History (28 decks)

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