P&E Chapter 8 ON EXAM Culture

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

a people’s ethose (how people feel about the world around them) and worldview (how people perceive the world around them), all of which is encoded in how people construct and employ meanings that guide their perceptions and behavior in multiple contexts.

Question 2

material culture

Answer 2

meaning-making activities: music, dance, art, language, clothing, literature, stories and narratives, architecture and shelter

Question 3

features of life which are not static nor changing very rapidly

Answer 3

ethnic customs, traditions, values, beliefs and notions of common sense

Question 4

misunderstandings

Answer 4

arise when we use our own understandings we have constructed both about ourselves and about how the world does and should operate to categorize and rank others

Question 5

practice orientation

Answer 5

a contemporary approach to understanding culture by thinking of human action as a product, producer, and transformer of history and social structures.

Question 6

nondominant group response to dominate culture

Answer 6

assimilation, accommodation, acculturation and/or bicultural socialization

Question 7

identities and resources are based on

Answer 7

political, social, and economic structures and processes

Question 8

a multidimensional understanding of cutlure

Answer 8

is necessary to grasp the increasing complexity of the construction and employment of meaning regarding identities and the distribution of resources

Question 9

norms

Answer 9

the culturally defined standards or rules of conduct

Question 10

examples of cultures

Answer 10

U.S. culture, family culture, school culture, digital culture, consumer culture, peer culture, gender culture, entertainment culture, work culture, religious or spiritual culture, identity culture

Question 11

multifaceted contexts of lives

Answer 11

economics, race/ethnicity, traditions and customs, gender, political processes, immigration, popular culture, psychology, academic processes, technology and other factors

Question 12

enumeration of social content

Answer 12

that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by humansas members of society; the sum total of human achievement

Question 13

social heritage/tradition

Answer 13

learned repertory of thoughts and actions exhibited by members of a social group, independently of genetic heredity from one generation to the next. the sum total and organization of social heritages that have acquired social meaning because of racial temperament and the historical life of the group.

Question 14

rule or way of life

Answer 14

the sum total ways of doing and thinking, past and present, of a social group. the distinctive way of life of a group of people; their complete design for living

Question 15

psychological and social adjustment and learning

Answer 15

*the total equipment of technique mechanical, mental and moral-by sue of which the people of a given period try to attend their ends. sum total of material and intellectual equipment whereby people satisfy biological. and social needs and adapt to the environment. learned modes of behavior that are socially transmitted from one generations to another within a particular society that may be diffused from onne society to another.

Question 16

ideas and values

Answer 16

an organized group of thoughts, havits adn conditioned emotional responses shared by members of a society. acquired or cultivated behavior and thought of individuals.

Question 17

Patterning and symbols

Answer 17

a system of interelated and interdependent habits of response. organization of conventional understandings manifest in art and artifact that characterize a human group. semiotics - webs of public meaning people have spun by which they are suspended. distinct order or classs of phenomena that we have termed symboling; or material objects, acts, beliefs and attitudes that function in contexts characterized by symboling

Question 18

culture

Answer 18

a set of common understandings manifest in act and artifact both inside somebody’s head as understandings and in the external environment as act and artifact, including both behavior (act) and material outcomes of that behavior (artifacts, or things we construct from the material and technological world around us). both constrains and is constrained by nature, biology, social conditions and other realities of human existence.

Question 19

traditional understandings of culture 18th and 19th centruy enlightenment and romanticism

Answer 19

rankings of logic, reason, art and technology to judge cultures as better than other cultures
culture seizing nature
psychic unity of humankind

Question 20

cultural relativism (traditional understanding of culture)

Answer 20

cultures are relatively equal in value, differences in culture reflect different frameworks of meaning and understandings and thus result in different lifestyles.

Question 21

biological determinism (traditional understanding of culture)

Answer 21

the attempt to differentiate social behavior largely on the basis of biological and genetic endowment

Question 22

othering (traditional understanding of culture)

Answer 22

labeling people who fall outside of your own group as abnormal, inferior or marginal

Question 23

basics about culture

Answer 23

Culture is learned through social interaction.
A society may have customary practices, but not all members have same knowledge or attach same significance.
culture seizes nature, humans seek to control nature and shape it according to their own needs and interest
culture is patterned, culture is symbolic and culture is both adaptive and maleadaptive

Question 24

additional concepts that help discussion of past and present conceptions of culture

Answer 24

ideology (set of shared beliefs about the way things are and should work).
ethnocentrism (tendency to elevate own ethnic group and social cultural processes over others)
cultural symbols (something verbal or nonverbal, that comes to stand for something else: race, ethnicity, gender)
worldview and ethos (idea of reality, concept of nature, of self, of society; tone character and quality of people’s life, its moral and aesthetic style in mood; underlying attitude towards themselves and their world)
cultural innovation
cultural conflict (conflict over meanings

Question 25

culture of poverty

Answer 25

way of life developed by poor people to adapt to the difficult circumstances of their lives

Question 26

cultural heemony

Answer 26

the dominance of a particular way of seeing the world; reproduce structures when we assume the rightness of our values, beliefs and meaning and see no need to change them

Question 27

human agency

Answer 27

people are active participants in history and structure; capable of exercising their will to shape their lives, helps to counteract cultural hegemony

Question 28

common sense

Answer 28

a cultural system, what people have come to believe everyone in a community or society should know and understand as a matter of ordinary social competence. becomes self serving for those in a position of power to determine what it is and who has it

Question 29

customs

Answer 29

cultural practices

Question 30

tradition

Answer 30

process of handing down from one generation to another particular beliefs and practices

Question 31

processes of cultural change

Answer 31

assimilation
acculturation
accommodation
bicultural socialization

Question 32

assimilation

Answer 32

process in which cultural uniqueness of the minority group is abandoned, and its members try to blend invisibly into the dominant culture.

Question 33

accommodation

Answer 33

process of partial or selective cultural change non dominant groups follow the norms, rules and standards of the dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts.

Question 34

acculturation

Answer 34

mutual sharing of culture, culture groups remain distinct, certain elements of their culture change and they exchange and blend preferences in food, music, clothing, dance, etc.

Question 35

bicultural socialization

Answer 35

process of nonmajority group or member mastering both the dominant culture and his or her own. necessary in societies that have relatively fixed notions about how a person should live and interact in school, work, court, financial institutions and the like. dual identity

Question 36

race

Answer 36

system of social identity which is socially constructed and meaning shifts depending on the social, economic and political context

Question 37

ethnicity

Answer 37

static traditions, customs, and values that reflect a deep and enduring cultural identity and a desire to keep that identity intact

Question 38

ethnic identity

Answer 38

how groups define themselves and maintain meaning for living individually and as a group

Question 39

socioeconomic status SES

Answer 39

a form of cultural inequality as well as imperfections in our capitalist economic system. a way of ascribing status, prestige and power based on education income and occupation

Question 40

gender

Answer 40

what our culture symbolizes and means by maleness and femaleness, prescribed roles of men and women, boys and girls, husbands and wives. physical characteristics of male and female combined with their reproductive functions

Question 41

family

Answer 41

a set of relationships among two or more people to carry out various social and biological functions such as support, nurturance, sexual mating, procreation and child rearing.