P&E Chapter 12 ON EXAM Formal Organizations

Question 1

Formal organizations

Answer 1

collectivities of people with a high degree of formality of structure, working together to meet a goal or goals

Question 2

perspective on formal organizations

Answer 2

the rational perspective
systems perspective
interactional/interpretive perspective
critical perspective

Question 3

rational perspective

Answer 3

considers formal organizations to be purposefully designed machines that maximize efficiency and effectiveness

Question 4

systems perspective

Answer 4

formal organization in constant interaction with multiple environments and composed of interrelated systems

Question 5

interactional/interpretive perspective

Answer 5

emphasizes human interaction and meaning making in creating organizations (largely ignores patterns of domination and oppression in organizations)

Question 6

critical perspective

Answer 6

emphasizes human interaction and meaning making in creating organizations with focus on patterns of domination and oppression in organizations

Question 7

burnout

Answer 7

the most identified hazard in both the public sector and business organizations which includes symptoms of emotional exhaustion, cynicism and inefficacy.

Question 8

formal organization

Answer 8

a collectivity of people with a high degree of formal structure, working together to meet common goals

Question 9

rational perspective on organizations

Answer 9

the formal organization is a goal-directed purposefully designed machine.

Question 10

bureaucracy according to Weber

Answer 10

the most efficient form of organization for goal accomplishment

Question 11

the ideal-type bureaucracy

Answer 11

formal rationality - rules, regulations and structures - is essential to goal accomplishment:
clear hierarchy and chain of command
clear division of labor based on specialized skills
formal rules of operation
formal and task-oriented communications
merit-based recruitment and advancement
keeping of files and records for administrative action

Question 12

scientific management

Answer 12

the most effective organizations maximize internal efficiency, the one best way. sometimes referred to as Taylorism, was directed toward maximizing internal efficiency.

Question 13

human relations theory

Answer 13

human relationships are central to organizational efficiency and effectiveness

Question 14

management by objectives

Answer 14

managers should focus on the desired outcome (objectives) and create an organizational design to achieve that outcome, strategic planning is key to organizational success

Question 15

decision-making theory

Answer 15

organizational rationality has limits. focusing on how decisions of individuals in organizations affect the organization as a whole.

Question 16

hawthorne effect

Answer 16

the tendency of experimental participants to perform in particular ways simply because they know they are being studied.

Question 17

organizational humanism

Answer 17

organizations can maximize efficiency and effectiveness while also promoting individual happiness and well-being

Question 18

bounded rationality

Answer 18

limited rationality of organizational actors

Question 19

satisfice

Answer 19

to seek satisfactory rather than perfect solutions and to discontinue the search for alternatives when a satisfactory solution is available.

Question 20

systems perspective on organizations

Answer 20

builds on the fundamental principle that the organization is in constant interaction with its multiple environments - social, political, economic, cultural, technological - and must be able to adapt to environmental change.

Question 21

political economy model

Answer 21

the dependence of organizations on their environments for necessary resources and and on the impact of organization-environment interactions on the internal structure and processes of the organization. political resources (legitimacy and power) and economic resources. the organization depends on the environment for political and economic resources.

Question 22

learning organizational theory

Answer 22

the organization must be able to learn and change in a rapidly changing environment

Question 23

social action model

Answer 23

the organization is defined by individual actors

Question 24

organizational culture model

Answer 24

organizations are cultures with shared experiences and shared meanings

Question 25

managing diversity model

Answer 25

organizational systems and practices should maximize the potential advantages of diversity in organizational membership

Question 26

silverman’s social action model

Answer 26

emphasizes the active role of individual organizational actors in creating the organization
who are the principal actions
what goals are the actors trying to achieve
how are diff actors involved?
what strategies?
what are consequences of their actions?

Question 27

organizational culture model

Answer 27

views organizations as ongoing, interactive processes of reality construction, involving many organizational actors. Made up of language, slogans, symbols, rituals, stories and ceremonies but also mundane, routine, day-to-day activities.

Question 28

managing diversity model

Answer 28

given the trend toward greater diversity in the labor force, contemporary organizations cannot be successful unless they learn to manage diverse populations. Diversity is a permanent, not transitory, feature of contemporary life.

Question 29

critical perspective on organizations

Answer 29

interactional/interpretive perspective about the role of human interaction and meaning making in human behavior with a central concern of a critique of existing power arrangements and a vision of change

Question 30

organizations as multiple oppressions

Answer 30

social constructions that exclude and discriminate against some categories of people

Question 31

non-hierrarchical organization

Answer 31

organizations should be based on non-hierarchical power, on energy that comes from egalitarian interactions of people and ideas.

Question 32

burnout

Answer 32

prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism and inefficacy.

Question 33

six dimensions of work life to be associated with burnout

Answer 33

workload, control, reward, community, fairness, values

Question 34

emotional labor

Answer 34

the engagement, suppression, or evocation of the worker’s emotions necessary to get the job done

Question 35

privitization

Answer 35

shifting the administration of programs back to private organizations.

Question 36

hybrid organization

Answer 36

organizations that combine political advocacy and service provision in their core identity.

Question 37

social entrepreneurial organizations

Answer 37

formed by social entrepreneur who recognizes a social problem and uses ideas from business entrepreneurs to organize, create and manage new venture to bring about social change related to that problem.