P&E Chapter 13 ON EXAM Communities Flashcards
sense of community
the perception of similarity with others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure.
sense of community
similarity with others
interdependence
mutual exchanges to fulfill needs
sense of belonging
community
linked by geography or webs of communication
common ties
interaction
relational community
voluntary interaction
territorial community
linked by geography or territory
mass society
standardized and homogenized - a society that has no ethnic, class, regional or local variations in human behavior
gemeinschaft
PERSONAL AND TRADITIONAL strong identification with community authority based on tradition relationships based on emotionalism others seen as whole persons
gesellschaft
IMPTERSONAL AND CONTRACTUAL little identification with community authority based on laws and rationality relationships based on goal attainment and emotional neutrality others seen as role enactors
community lost
have lost a sense of connectedness, social support, and traditional customs for behavior
community saved
have retained a strong sense of connectedness, social support, and customs for behavior
community liberated
loosely knit, with unclear boundaries and a great deal of heterogeneity
four elements of communities
contact: level of interaction, how accessible and how much contact
range: size and heterogeneity of membership
intimacy
immediate kinship/friendship
spacial arrangements approach
city placement, population growth, land use patterns, the process of suburbanization, the development of edge cities and the relationships among central cities, suburbs and edge cities. and variations in human behavior related to the type of spacial community.
spacial arrangements
symbolic interventionists have studied how symbolic images of communities - the way people think about their communities - are related to spacial arrangements
geographic information system (GIS) (spatial arrangements approach)
computer technology, which can map the spacial distribution of a variety of social data
social systems approach
focuses on social interaction rather than on the physical, spacial aspects of commuity. Social interaction: culture and structure
Community culture (social systems approach)
use of language pattern of meanings typical practices common knowledge symbols that guide thinking, feelings and behaviors
Community Structure (social systems approach)
network of relationships
institutions
economic factors
political factors
horizontal linkage (social systems approach)
interactions with other members of the community
vertical linkage (social systems approach)
interaction with individuals and systems outside the community
bonding social capital (social systems approach)
inward looking and tends to mobilize solidarity and in-group loyalty, and it leads to exclusive identities and homogeneous communities. often found in minority ethnic enclaves that provide psychological, social, and economic support to members
bridging social capital (social systems approach)
outward looking and divers, and it links community members to assets and information across community boundaries.
personal community (social systems approach)
composed of ties with friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates and so on
network
a set of actors with a set of ties of a specified type
networked individualism
individuals operate in large, personalized and complex networks
social capital approach
community cohesion, which is thought to be based in dense social networks, high levels of civic engagement, a sense of solidarity and equality among members, and norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness
collective efficacy (social capital approach)
the capacity of community residents to achieve social control over the environment and to engage in collective action for the common good.
elements of psychological sense of community (PSOC) (social capital approach)
membership:
influence is bidirectional
integration and fulfillment of needs
shared emotional connection
multiple psychological senses of community MPSOC (social capital approach)
people live in multiple territorial and relational communities, such as neighborhood, city, workplace, university, religious group, sports league and so on, and have multiple sense of community representing each of these communities.
Conflict approach
a form of community social work willing to build opposition and use a range of confrontational tactics to challenge privilege and oppression.
social action model
political, emphasizing social reform and challenge of structural inequalities
agency-based model
promoted social agencies and the services they provided
community development
based on the assumption of shared interests, rather than conflicting interests.
social action
works for social change by organizing people to put pressure on governments or private organizations.
consensus organizing four assumptions
- power does not have to be redistributed; it can be grown
- human behavior is motivated by mutual self-interest, not just individual self-interest.
- people are basically good.
- the wealthy and the poor, the powerful and the powerless can be knit together rather than become adversaries
social planning model
based on the premise that the complexities of modern social problems require expert planners schooled in rational planning model
participatory rural appraisal PRA
a grassroots approach used in rural areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia based on three assumptions:
- local knowledge
- local resources
- outside help
