P&E Chapter 13 ON EXAM Communities

Question 1

sense of community

Answer 1

the perception of similarity with others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure.

Question 2

sense of community

Answer 2

similarity with others
interdependence
mutual exchanges to fulfill needs
sense of belonging

Question 3

community

Answer 3

linked by geography or webs of communication
common ties
interaction

Question 4

relational community

Answer 4

voluntary interaction

Question 5

territorial community

Answer 5

linked by geography or territory

Question 6

mass society

Answer 6

standardized and homogenized - a society that has no ethnic, class, regional or local variations in human behavior

Question 7

gemeinschaft

Answer 7

PERSONAL AND TRADITIONAL 
strong identification with community
authority based on tradition
relationships based on emotionalism
others seen as whole persons

Question 8

gesellschaft

Answer 8

IMPTERSONAL AND CONTRACTUAL 
little identification with community
authority based on laws and rationality
relationships based on goal attainment and emotional neutrality
others seen as role enactors

Question 9

community lost

Answer 9

have lost a sense of connectedness, social support, and traditional customs for behavior

Question 10

community saved

Answer 10

have retained a strong sense of connectedness, social support, and customs for behavior

Question 11

community liberated

Answer 11

loosely knit, with unclear boundaries and a great deal of heterogeneity

Question 12

four elements of communities

Answer 12

contact: level of interaction, how accessible and how much contact
range: size and heterogeneity of membership
intimacy
immediate kinship/friendship

Question 13

spacial arrangements approach

Answer 13

city placement, population growth, land use patterns, the process of suburbanization, the development of edge cities and the relationships among central cities, suburbs and edge cities. and variations in human behavior related to the type of spacial community.

Question 14

spacial arrangements

Answer 14

symbolic interventionists have studied how symbolic images of communities - the way people think about their communities - are related to spacial arrangements

Question 15

geographic information system (GIS) (spatial arrangements approach)

Answer 15

computer technology, which can map the spacial distribution of a variety of social data

Question 16

social systems approach

Answer 16

focuses on social interaction rather than on the physical, spacial aspects of commuity. Social interaction: culture and structure

Question 17

Community culture (social systems approach)

Answer 17

use of language
pattern of meanings
typical practices
common knowledge
symbols that guide thinking, feelings and behaviors

Question 18

Community Structure (social systems approach)

Answer 18

network of relationships
institutions
economic factors
political factors

Question 19

horizontal linkage (social systems approach)

Answer 19

interactions with other members of the community

Question 20

vertical linkage (social systems approach)

Answer 20

interaction with individuals and systems outside the community

Question 21

bonding social capital (social systems approach)

Answer 21

inward looking and tends to mobilize solidarity and in-group loyalty, and it leads to exclusive identities and homogeneous communities. often found in minority ethnic enclaves that provide psychological, social, and economic support to members

Question 22

bridging social capital (social systems approach)

Answer 22

outward looking and divers, and it links community members to assets and information across community boundaries.

Question 23

personal community (social systems approach)

Answer 23

composed of ties with friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates and so on

Question 24

network

Answer 24

a set of actors with a set of ties of a specified type

Question 25

networked individualism

Answer 25

individuals operate in large, personalized and complex networks

Question 26

social capital approach

Answer 26

community cohesion, which is thought to be based in dense social networks, high levels of civic engagement, a sense of solidarity and equality among members, and norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness

Question 27

collective efficacy (social capital approach)

Answer 27

the capacity of community residents to achieve social control over the environment and to engage in collective action for the common good.

Question 28

elements of psychological sense of community (PSOC) (social capital approach)

Answer 28

membership:
influence is bidirectional
integration and fulfillment of needs
shared emotional connection

Question 29

multiple psychological senses of community MPSOC (social capital approach)

Answer 29

people live in multiple territorial and relational communities, such as neighborhood, city, workplace, university, religious group, sports league and so on, and have multiple sense of community representing each of these communities.

Question 30

Conflict approach

Answer 30

a form of community social work willing to build opposition and use a range of confrontational tactics to challenge privilege and oppression.

Question 31

social action model

Answer 31

political, emphasizing social reform and challenge of structural inequalities

Question 32

agency-based model

Answer 32

promoted social agencies and the services they provided

Question 33

community development

Answer 33

based on the assumption of shared interests, rather than conflicting interests.

Question 34

social action

Answer 34

works for social change by organizing people to put pressure on governments or private organizations.

Question 35

consensus organizing four assumptions

Answer 35

1. power does not have to be redistributed; it can be grown
2. human behavior is motivated by mutual self-interest, not just individual self-interest.
3. people are basically good.
4. the wealthy and the poor, the powerful and the powerless can be knit together rather than become adversaries

Question 36

social planning model

Answer 36

based on the premise that the complexities of modern social problems require expert planners schooled in rational planning model

Question 37

participatory rural appraisal PRA

Answer 37

a grassroots approach used in rural areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia based on three assumptions:

1. local knowledge
2. local resources
3. outside help