Oz - Pages 1 through 14 Flashcards
a. Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains
b. Causes syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Transmitted by direct contact with infectious lesion (chancre)
syphilis; caused by Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
- onset of symptoms 10-90 days (avg 21)
(a) Chancre – painless, small round, firm
(b) Lasts 3-6 weeks; “heals” w/o treatment
Primary Syphilis
Microbe = Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
phase of syphilus - rash over wide area occurs 1-6 mos later if not treated
Secondary syphilis
Microbe = Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
multi-organ – if not treated
Tertiary syphilis
Microbe = Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
Treponema pallidum is identified by?
. Identify by antigen-detection methods [RPR] or dark field microscopic exam of lesion fluid (depends on the stage of disease)
Treponema pallidum is identified by?
. Identify by antigen-detection methods [RPR] or dark field microscopic exam of lesion fluid (depends on the stage of disease)
a. Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains
b. Causes Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete
Tick-borne (esp. deer tick) – bite; prolonged association (24+ hr)
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete
Clinical: Early stages asymptomatic and difficult to differentiate
(1) Skin lesion - red macule/papule > 5 cm (erythema migrans)
(2) Neurologic and cardiac involvement – encephalitis, facial palsy, etc
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete
Diagnosis of Borrelia burgdoferi
is it mainly clinical or do we use specific tests?
Diagnosis: MAINLY clinical findings; immunological tests for antigen after several weeks (IFA, ELISA)
Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains
b. Causes Leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans
Transmission: skin contact with urine of infected animals (e.g. rats, swine, badgers,
rodents, deer, fox); especially via contaminated water (or moist soil)
Leptospira interrogans
Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains
Transmission of Leptospira interrogans?
Transmission: skin contact with urine of infected animals (e.g. rats, swine, badgers,
rodents, deer, fox); especially via contaminated water (or moist soil)
Clinical: Fever, headache, myalgia, chills, conjunctival involvement –> renal and liver
failure
Leptospira
Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains interrogans
Lab Dx of Leptospira interrogans
Diagnosis: immunological tests (rising Ab titer), IFA, ELISA
skin contact with urine of infected animals
(e.g. rats, swine, badgers,
rodents, deer, fox); especially via contaminated water (or moist soil) Area of world not mentioned
Leptospira interrogans
Spirochete; non-staining by normal stains
Biological Threat agents?
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderia mallei (is very closely related to B. pseudomallei)
Encephalitis BTA’s including the following:
Eastern/ Western/Venezuelan encephalitis viruses
BTA Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Including the following:
Rift Valley Fever (Zoonotic in humans) *
Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever virus *
Marburg hemorrhagic Fever virus *
Biological threat agent AND Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Including the following:
Rift Valley Fever (Zoonotic in humans) *
Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever virus *
Marburg hemorrhagic Fever virus *
Encephalitis Viruses AND Biological threat agent:
Eastern/ Western/Venezuelan encephalitis viruses
Causes Melioidosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei – Biological threat agent
(1) Causes Melioidosis (mel-ee’-oy-doe’-sis) - especially persons with pre-existing
major illness
Burkholderia psuedomallei (Bio threat agent)
Endemic in Southeast Asia, N. Australia, and South Pacific (~165,000 cases per
year; 89,000 deaths) – Reservoir in various animals
Transmitted by direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water
Burkholderia psuedomallei (Bio threat agent)
What does Burkholderia pseudomallei cause?
Causes acute pulmonary infection; acute localized infection (ulcer/nodule/abscess), septicemia, multiple organ involvement
How long until symptoms appear with Burkholderia pseudomallei?
(a) Symptoms often appear 2-4 weeks after exposure
b) May be subclinical and/or delayed (years
How long until symptoms appear with Burkholderia pseudomallei?
(a) Symptoms often appear 2-4 weeks after exposure
b) May be subclinical and/or delayed (years
Causes Glanders
Burkholderia mallei
- disease of horses (equine) (highly communicable); rarely
humans; Causes nasal mucus discharge, lung lesions
Glanders from Burkholderia mallei
Where is Burkholderia mallei prevalent?
Endemic to parts of Africa, Asia, Middle East, and S. America (eradicated from
N. America and Europe)
Can Burkholderia mallei transmit from animals to humans?
Transmitted from animals to humans (rare) via contact with blood and body
fluids into skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces (not environmental sources)
- Affects lungs and airways; causes septicemia, cutaneous lesions, liver, spleen, fever
- Fatality rate 95% in untreated; 50% in treated
(1) Soil and water source – very hardy; challenging hospital control
(2) Infrequent pathogen - Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised or cystic fibrosis patients
Burkholderia cepacia
pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients think….
Burkholderia cepacia
If Burkholderia mallei is transmitted from an animal to a human… what are the clinical symptoms and the fatality rate?
Transmitted from animals to humans (rare) via contact with blood and body
fluids into skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces (not environmental sources)
- Affects lungs and airways; causes septicemia, cutaneous lesions, liver, spleen, fever
- Fatality rate 95% in untreated; 50% in treated
are Bulkhoderia Abx resistant?
YES… Most are resistant to multiple ABX
Four anaerobes?
Peptostreptococcus
Fusobacterium
Faecalibacterium
Bifidobacterium
a. Gram-positive cocci, usually chains
b. Anaerobic
c. Normal microbiota of vagina, GI, skin
d. Cause generalized necrotizing soft tissue infections, including Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; bone and joint, and other infections
Peptostreptococcus
Peptostreptococcus found where?
Causes?
c. Normal microbiota of vagina, GI, skin
d. Cause generalized necrotizing soft tissue infections, including Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; bone and joint, and other infections
a. Gram-negative bacilli
b. Anaerobic
c. Periodontal infections, skin ulcers
Fusobacterium
Fusobacterium
gram stain?
aerobic or anaerobic?
causes?
a. Gram-negative bacilli
b. Anaerobic
c. Periodontal infections, skin ulcers
a. Gram-positive bacillus, non sporeforming
b. Anaerobic
c. An abundant normal gut microbiota; may boost immune system
d. Lower levels in gut may be associated with clinical disorders
Faecalibacterium
Lower levels in gut may be associated with clinical disorders
Faecalibacterium
Faecalibacterium
Gram stain?
aerobic or anaerobic?
found where?
a. Gram-positive bacillus, non sporeforming
b. Anaerobic
c. An abundant normal gut microbiota; may boost immune system
d. Lower levels in gut may be associated with clinical disorders
Where is faecalibacterium found?
a lot or very few found?
boosts what?
An abundant normal gut microbiota; may boost immune system
a. Gram-positive bacilli, often branched, non-sporeforming
b. Anaerobic
c. An abundant normal microbiota of gut, vagina, mouth
d. An important component of probiotics
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium
Gram stain?
aerobic or anaerobe?
found where?
important why?
a. Gram-positive bacilli, often branched, non-sporeforming
b. Anaerobic
c. An abundant normal microbiota of gut, vagina, mouth
d. An important component of probiotics