Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro B4 > Exam 4 - Parasitology > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Eukaryotes?

A

(a) Nuclear membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm
(b) DNA composed of paired, linear chromosomes
(c) Reproduction by binary fission and mitosis
(d) Energy produced in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(a) Nuclear membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm
(b) DNA composed of paired, linear chromosomes
(c) Reproduction by binary fission and mitosis
(d) Energy produced in mitochondria

A

Definition of Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parasites of humans are classified in six major divisions.

A

Protozoa; the Nematoda, or roundworms; the Platyhelminthes or flatworms, that contains Cestoda (tapeworms) and Trematoda (flukes); the Pentastomids, or tongue worms; the Acanthocephala, or thorny-headed worms; and the Arthropoda .

NAAPPP

N-ematoda
A-canthocephala
A-rthropoda
P-rotozoa
P-latyhelminthes
P-entastomids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

unicellular eukaryotic organisms, having true nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Includes amebas, flagellates, and sporozoans.

A

Kingdom Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Father of parasitology

A

Francesco Redi in 1684

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains most pathogenic protozoa

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

(a) Class Zoomastigophora: The flagellates  (b) Class Lobosea: The amoebas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains malaria and coccidians

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains the microsporidia

A

Phylum Microspora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Within subkingdom Eukaryota; contains the ciliates

A

Phylum Ciliophora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Kingdom Animalia:

Multicellular higher animals

A

I. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworm

(a) Class Trematoda: The flukes
(b) Class Cestoda: The tapeworms

II. Phylum Aschelminthes: Roundworms/Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two organisms of different species living together = ?

2 Examples?

A

Symbiosis

a. commensalism
b. mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

A

Commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited

A

Mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on the other organism (host) and gains all the benefit. The host is adversely affected.

5 examples?

A

Parasitism

(1) Facultative parasite: Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite
(2) Obligate parasite: Cannot survive in a free living state.
(3) Incidental parasite: Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live.
(4) Endoparasite: A parasite living inside the host
(5) Ectoparasite: A parasite living on the external surface of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite

A

Facultative parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cannot survive in a free living state.

A

Obligate parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live.

A

Incidental parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A parasite living inside the host

A

Endoparasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A parasite living on the external surface of the host

A

Ectoparasite:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Any living organism, animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

4 types listed?

A

Host:

(a) Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite
(b) Intermediate host: That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite
(c) Reservoir host: A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite
(d) Paratenic host: A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

A

Definitive host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite

A

Intermediate host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

A

Reservoir host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

A

Paratenic host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the process of a parasite’s growth, development and reproduction, which proceeds in one or more different host depending on the species of parasites.

A

Life Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a stage when a parasite can invade a human body and live in it.

A

Infective stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the entrance which the parasite invades the human body.

A

Infective route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how the parasite invades the human body.

A

Infective mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A carrier, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infective form of the parasite from host to another

A

Vector

30
Q

A reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from a source already present in the body

A

Autoinfection

31
Q

Routes of Infection

A

Ingestion

Active Penetration

Injection

Congenital

32
Q

Ingestion: Oral (nasopharyngeal) in food, water or aerosols, etc.

A

(a) Remains in gastrointestinal tract
(b) Internal migration to other host organs or systems
(c) Migration through other host systems and return to gastrointestinal sites

33
Q

Active penetration: Through host tissues, skin or mucous membranes

A

(a) Remains on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues
(b) Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

34
Q

Through host tissues by vector or agent

A

Injection

35
Q

two examples of injection?

A

(a) Arthropod-borne: By mouth parts, salivary glands, or waste products
(b) Transfusion: Present in donor blood at time of transfusion

36
Q

Transmission of parasites across the placental barrier from mother to fetus

A

congenital

37
Q

Make note of all:

Life cycles

Autoinfection

A

NOTED!

38
Q

By mouth parts, salivary glands, or waste products

A

Arthropod-borne Injection

39
Q

Forms of Parasites Studied:

A
  1. Adult
  2. Larva
  3. Egg/Ova
  4. Trophozoite
  5. Cysts
40
Q

Specimen Recovery

General Considerations
1. Proper collection and handling of specimens: Essential to ensure parasites will be recovered

  1. Old, inadequate or poorly preserved specimens: Of limited value and may lead to inaccurate results
  2. Ingestion of medicinal substances prior to collection may interfere with examination of specimen
    (a) Antacids
    (b) Antidiarrheal compounds
    (c) Mineral oil
    (d) Antibiotics
  3. Administration of barium sulfate to patients undergoing radiological exams will make stool specimens difficult to examine for 1-2 weeks
    (a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms
  4. All specimens should be properly labeled
    (a) According to local SOP
    (b) It may be useful to note any special information, clinical symptoms, prior infections, antibiotic therapy or travel history
A

Cool beans nerd

41
Q

Specimen Recovery

A 
Stool for O and P (Ova and Parasites)
Occult blood
Pinworm prep- Scotch tape prep
Enterotest-string test
NAT (Nucleic acid testing)
42
Q

Collection of Fecal Specimens

  1. Collected in clean, wide mouthed containers
    (a) Disposable cardboard containers with wax coating and tight-fitting lid: Container of choice
    i. Prevents leakage
    ii. Prevents loss of moisture
    (b) Plastic containers with Snap-On or screw-on lids: Do not retain moisture as well as cardboard
    (c) Glass containers: More expensive and breakable
    (d) Collection of feces directly into the container: The preferred collection method; avoid contamination by water, urine or other material
    i. Water will destroy trophozoites
    ii. Water may contain free-living organisms that can complicate diagnosis
    iii. Urine may have an adverse effect on the motility of trophozoites
  2. Several stool examinations are necessary before parasitic infection can be ruled out
    (a) Though most helminth eggs are passed continuously, many protozoa are passed intermittently
    (b) Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days
    (c) Report of “no parasites seen” based on the examination of a single specimen should be accepted with caution
A

too much for one slide ya yahoo

43
Q

Collection of Fecal Specimens

(a) Though most helminth eggs are passed continuously, many protozoa are passed intermittently
(b) Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days
(c) Report of "no parasites seen" based on the examination of a single specimen should be accepted with caution
A

3 specimens over 6-10 days for protozoan detection

44
Q

Collection of Fecal Specimens

(a) Though most helminth eggs are passed continuously, many protozoa are passed intermittently
(b) Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days
(c) Report of "no parasites seen" based on the examination of a single specimen should be accepted with caution
A

3 specimens over 6-10 days for protozoan detection

45
Q
  1. Time factor in examination of specimens
    (a) Age of a stool specimen: One of the most important factors affecting the diagnosis of infections(b) Liquid and diarrheic specimens: Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)
    (c) Soft specimens: Examined within one hour of passage
    (d) Formed specimens: Can be delayed for several hours or longer, but should be examined on the same day of submission
A

Sorry it’s boring and long, but you gotta know dis

46
Q

most common fecal preservatives

A

10 % Formalin
No stain, yes EIA

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
No EIA, yes stain

Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen

47
Q

Pinworm prep-scotch tape prep best for?

A

Pinworm eggs (Enterobius vermicularis) are deposited around the perianal region

48
Q

Pinworm prep-scotch tape prep best for?

A

Pinworm eggs (Enterobius vermicularis) are deposited around the perianal region

49
Q

Used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part of the small intestine

Do not eat 12 hours prior to testing

The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck

A capsule containing the remainder of the string is swallowed

The capsule will dissolve and move into your stomach were the string will unravel

Usually the patient relaxes for about four hours

The string gathers materials from the stomach and upper intestines

After the allotted time, the string will be pulled back up through the throat, placed in a container and sent to the lab

Remove mucous from string and examine by wet mount technique

A

Enterotest-String Test

50
Q

Nucleic Acid Testing for?

A

Enteric Parasite panels
For Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba

High sensitivity and specificity

BD Max 3 and Luminex 200

51
Q

If a stool is liquid and thus is more likely to contain trophozoites, it should reach the laboratory for examination by?

A

Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

52
Q

Blood- For which species?

A

Plasmodium sp. (Thick and thin smears)

53
Q

Monitoring of incidence, prevalence, distribution and severity of disease

A

Surveillance:

54
Q

Interruption of parasitic life cycle

A

(a) Proper disposal of human and animal waste
(b) Purification of drinking water
(c) Processing and treatment of food supply
(d) Improvement of housing quality
(e) Elimination of intermediate host(s) or vectors

55
Q

Control of Parasitic Infections

Protection ex’s

A

(a) Prophylaxis when entering into highly endemic areas

(b) Immunization against parasite infective forms

56
Q

Best method of controlling parasitic life cycle?

A

Proper disposal of human and animal waste

57
Q

Control of Parasitic Infections

Therapeutic measures

(a) Protection from infected persons: Isolation
(b) Curative therapy: Antiparasitic drugs

Antimalarial?
Antihelminthic?
Antiprotozoal?

A

i. Antimalarial: Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen)
ii. Antihelminthic: Praziquantel (Biltricide)
iii. Antiprotozoal: Metronidazole (Flagyl)

58
Q

which natural innate immune system factor fights parasites?

A

eosinophils!

59
Q

Administration of ____ to patients undergoing radiological exams will make stool specimens difficult to examine for 1-2 weeks
(a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms

A

barium sulfate

60
Q

(a) Crystals interfere with detection of organisms (stool specimens)

A

barium sulfate

61
Q

Ingestion of medicinal substances prior to collection may interfere with examination of specimen (4)?

A

(a) Antacids
(b) Antidiarrheal compounds
(c) Mineral oil
(d) Antibiotics

62
Q

Protozoan detection: Best accomplished by examination of at least…?

A

three specimens collected at intervals with in 6-10 days

63
Q

Collection of feces directly into the container: The preferred collection method; avoid contamination by water, urine or other material… why?

A

i. Water will destroy trophozoites
ii. Water may contain free-living organisms that can complicate diagnosis
iii. Urine may have an adverse effect on the motility of trophozoites

64
Q

Collection of Fecal Specimens

Ideal container?

A
  1. Collected in clean, wide mouthed containers
    (a) Disposable cardboard containers with wax coating and tight-fitting lid: Container of choice
    i. Prevents leakage
    ii. Prevents loss of moisture
65
Q

Time factor in examination of specimens

One of the most important factors affecting the diagnosis of infections

A

(a) Age of a stool specimen

66
Q

Time factor in examination of specimens

(b) Liquid and diarrheic specimens: Should be examined within…

A

30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

67
Q

Time factor in examination of specimens

(c) Soft specimens: Examined within…?

A

one hour of passage

68
Q

Time factor in examination of specimens

(d) Formed specimens: Can be delayed for several ___, but… ?

A

hours or longer, but should be examined on the same day of submission

69
Q

Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen

T or F?

A

TRUE….

Fecal specimens may be stored at 4⁰C, but not frozen

70
Q

Fecal preservatives?

A

10 % Formalin
– No stain, yes EIA (Most common)

• Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
– No EIA, yes stain (most common)

• Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin
(MIF)
– Stains and EIA vary

• Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF)
– Stains and EIA vary

71
Q
  • Used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part if the small intestine
  • Do not eat 12 hours prior to testing
  • The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck
  • A capsule containing the remainder of the string is swallowed

• The capsule will dissolve and move into your
stomach were the string will unravel

A

Enterotest-String Test

Micro B4 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions