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Micro B4 > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

(1) Decreased immunity
(2) Increased opportunistic infections
(3) Total cases: ~50+ million; Deaths: ~20+ million (since 1970)
(4) Hot spots of infection: Southern Africa, Southern and Southeastern Asia

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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2
Q

Medium sized, enveloped RNA virus

A

HIV

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3
Q

HIV is DNA/RNA? Enveloped or not?

A

RNA, enveloped

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4
Q

(a) Envelope
• Glycoprotein-41 (GP-41)
• Glycoprotein-120 (GP-120)
• Antigenically variable

(b) Capsid: Protein-24 (P-24)

(c) Core
• Two strands of RNA
• Reverse transcriptase – an enzyme which produces a DNA copy of the genomic RNA (this is an extremely unusual approach)

A

HIV

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5
Q

HIV envelope characteristics?

A

Glycoprotein-41
Glycoprotein-120

Antigenically variable

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6
Q

HIV capsid features?

A

Protein-24

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7
Q

HIV core features?

A

TWO strands of RNA

Reverse transcriptase?

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8
Q

an enzyme which produces a DNA copy of the genomic RNA (this is an extremely unusual approach)

A

Reverse transcriptase (in HIV core)

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9
Q

(1) GP-120 attaches to the ___ marker on the cell membrane [can infect cells that do not have ___ markers if they co-infect with another Retrovirus]. GP-41 attaches to a different protein, CXCR4

A

CD4

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10
Q

Unusual characteristic of HIV?

A

Reverse transcriptase uses the RNA strands as a template to produce new viral DNA

The new viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA – remains latent for prolonged period of time

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11
Q

HIV alters the ability of CD4 cell to produce ____?

A

cytokines

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12
Q

New HIV virions released from infected cells by _____ - ultimately kills CD4 cell

A

budding

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13
Q

Types of cells infected (primary)?

A

CD4 Helper T-cells

Monocytes (macrophages)

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14
Q

Transmission of the virus (primarily inside infected cells)?

A

(1) Intimate sexual contact
(2) Blood and blood products (e.g. transfusion, I.V. drug use, needle sticks, cuts)
(3) Perinatally – from mother to baby

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15
Q

HIV virions have been isolated in ____ secretions.

A

all body

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16
Q

(1) Stage I – Primary HIV infection – lasts about 1 to 4 months
(a) Viruses are replicated and shed at a moderate rate for a short time
• The ___ antigen (capsid) may be detectable for about 2-6 weeks after infection
• Antibodies to p24
(b) Symptoms:
• “Mononucleosis-like” or “flu-like” illness. Fever, night sweats, malaise, rash, and muscle and joint pain. Lymphadenopathy may develop.
• Becomes asymptomatic after ____

A

p24

1 to 3 weeks

17
Q

(a) Viruses are replicated and shed at a moderate rate for a short time
• p24 antigen (capsid) may be detectable for about 2-6 weeks after infection
• Antibodies to p24
(b) Symptoms:
• “Mononucleosis-like” or “flu-like” illness. Fever, night sweats, malaise, rash, and muscle and joint pain. Lymphadenopathy may develop.
• Becomes asymptomatic after 1 to 3 weeks

A

Stage I – Primary HIV infection – lasts about 1 to 4 months

18
Q

Stage II – Latent (asymptomatic) period

(a) Patients are asymptomatic – usually lasts few to several years
(b) Viruses are replicated and shed at a low rate
(c) HIV antibodies are detectable
(d) Pathologic characteristics – Gradual decrease in ___ cells occurs

A

CD4

19
Q

(a) Patients are asymptomatic – usually lasts few to several years
(b) Viruses are replicated and shed at a low rate
(c) HIV antibodies are detectable
(d) Pathologic characteristics – Gradual decrease in ___ cells occurs

A

Stage II – Latent (asymptomatic) period

20
Q

(a) Virus replication and shedding occurs at a high rate – p24 antigen becomes elevated again; Antibody to p24 diminishes
(b) Pathologic characteristics – Gradual reduction of the CD4 cell count.
(c) Symptoms
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) – Lymph nodes remain swollen for months with no other signs of infection. Night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea.
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Opportunistic infections - develop when CD4 cells are less than about 300/ mm3. Oral yeast infections, Recurrent shingles, Bacterial skin infections

A

Stage III – Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy or AIDS Related Complex (ARC)

21
Q

Stage III – Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy or AIDS Related Complex (ARC)

(a) Virus replication and shedding occurs at a high rate – p24 antigen becomes elevated again; Antibody to p24 diminishes
(b) Pathologic characteristics – Gradual reduction of the CD4 cell count.
(c) Symptoms
• ______ – Lymph nodes remain swollen for months with no other signs of infection. Night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea.
• ____ sarcoma
• Opportunistic infections - develop when CD4 cells are less than about 300/ mm3. Oral yeast infections, Recurrent shingles, Bacterial skin infections

A

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)

Kaposi’s

22
Q

Stage (#?) Pathology
• Significant decrease of CD4 cells (<200/mm3); moderate decrease of CD8 cells
• Antigen to p24 reappears – virus replication overwhelms antibody production
• Antibodies to HIV are ineffective
• Host is gradually unable to mount cell mediated or humoral immunity

(b) Opportunistic infections – become more severe as CD4 count decreases
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumocystis carinii (protozoan) – pneumonia
• Fungal infections: Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcal meningitis
• Toxoplasmosis gondii (protozoan) – brain
• Herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2
• Cryptosporidium – intestinal
• Cytomegalovirus – retina, esophagus, colon
• Mycobacterium avium complex – disseminated
(c) Central Nervous System involvement – Dementia

A

Stage IV – AIDS [Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome] (symptomatic period)

23
Q

Stage IV – AIDS [Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome] (symptomatic period)

  • Significant decrease of CD4 cells (<200/mm3); moderate decrease of CD8 cells
  • Antigen to __ reappears – virus replication overwhelms antibody production
  • Antibodies to HIV are ineffective
  • Host is gradually unable to mount cell mediated or humoral immunity

(b) _____ infections – become more severe as CD4 count decreases
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumocystis carinii (protozoan) – pneumonia
• Fungal infections: Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcal meningitis
• Toxoplasmosis gondii (protozoan) – brain
• Herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2
• Cryptosporidium – intestinal
• Cytomegalovirus – retina, esophagus, colon
• Mycobacterium avium complex – disseminated
(c) Central Nervous System involvement – Dementia

A

p24

Opportunistic

24
Q
  • Tuberculosis
  • Pneumocystis carinii (protozoan) – pneumonia
  • Fungal infections: Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcal meningitis
  • Toxoplasmosis gondii (protozoan) – brain
  • Herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2
  • Cryptosporidium – intestinal
  • Cytomegalovirus – retina, esophagus, colon
  • Mycobacterium avium complex – disseminated
A

Specifically mentioned opportunistic infections as HIV becomes AIDS

Micro B4 (13 decks)

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