Oxygenation

Question 1

The exchange of respiratory gases occurs

Answer 1

between the environment and the blood.

Question 2

Respiration is

Answer 2

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.

Question 3

supply the oxygen demands of the body.

Answer 3

The cardiac and respiratory systems

Question 4

control the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.

Answer 4

Neural and chemical regulators

Question 5

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Answer 5

Ventilation

Question 6

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 6

Perfusion

Question 7

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

Answer 7

Diffusion

Question 8

Work of breathing =

Answer 8

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs.

Question 9

Surfactant =

Answer 9

Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

Question 10

Atelectasis =

Answer 10

Collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 11

active process, stimulated by chemical by chemical receptors in the aorta

Answer 11

Inspiration

Question 12

passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

Answer 12

Expiration

Question 13

Compliance =

Answer 13

ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intraalveolar pressure

Question 14

Airway resistance =

Answer 14

increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airway diameter by bronchoconstriction

Question 15

Oxygen transport

Answer 15

Lungs and cardiovascular system
Depends on lungs (ventilation), blood flow to the lungs and tissues (perfusion), rate of diffusion, and oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 16

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 16

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

Question 17

Carbon dioxide transport

Answer 17

Diffuses into red blood cells and is rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid

Question 18

Tidal volume =

Answer 18

amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

Question 19

Residual volume =

Answer 19

the amount of air left in the aveoli after full expiration

Question 20

Forced vital capacity (FVC):

Answer 20

the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

Question 21

Hemoglobin carries

Answer 21

O2 and CO2

Question 22

Neural regulation

Answer 22

• Central nervous system controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
• Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration.

Question 23

Chemical regulation

Answer 23

• Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
• Chemoreceptors sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.

Question 24

Cardiovascular Physiology involves

Answer 24

delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.

Question 25

Cardiovascular Physiology: Oxygenated blood then travels

Answer 25

from the lungs to the left side of the heart and the tissues.

Question 26

Myocardial pump

Answer 26

- Two atria and two ventricles | - As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases (Starling’s law).

Question 27

Coronary artery circulation

Answer 27

Coronary arteries supply the myocardium with nutrients and remove wastes.

Question 28

Myocardial blood flow

Answer 28

Unidirectional through four valves S1: mitral and tricuspid close S2: aortic and pulmonic close

Question 29

Systemic circulation

Answer 29

Arteries and veins deliver nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products.

Question 30

Cardiac output

Answer 30

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

Question 31

Stroke volume

Answer 31

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 32

Cardiac output (CO) =

Answer 32

Stroke volume (SV) × Heart rate (HR)

Question 33

Preload

Answer 33

End-diastolic pressure

Question 34

Afterload

Answer 34

Resistance to left ventricular ejection

Question 35

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 35

Influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of conduction pathways

Question 36

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 36

Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle

Question 37

Parasympathetic system

Answer 37

Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

Question 38

Conduction system

Answer 38

Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker and is transmitted to the atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers

Question 39

An electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects

Answer 39

the electrical conduction system of the heart.

Question 40

Physiological factors affecting Oxygenation

Answer 40

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity Hypovolemia Decreased inspired oxygen concentration Increased metabolic rate

Question 41

Conditions affecting chest wall movement

Answer 41

Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, CNS alterations

Question 42

Other factors

Answer 42

Influences of chronic diseases

Question 43

Hyperventilation

Answer 43

Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

Question 44

Hypoventilation

Answer 44

Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

Question 45

Hypoxia

Answer 45

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

Question 46

Cyanosis

Answer 46

Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

Question 47

Disturbances in conduction

Answer 47

Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)

Question 48

Altered cardiac output

Answer 48

Insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation; the result of left-sided or right-sided heart failure

Question 49

Impaired valvular function

Answer 49

Acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation

Question 50

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 50

Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands; results in angina, myocardial infarction (MI) and/or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) Angina pectoris: transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

Question 51

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

Answer 51

Controlled physical exercise; nutrition counseling; relaxation and stress management; medications; oxygen; compliance; systemic hydration

Question 52

Restorative and Continuing Care

Answer 52

Cardiopulmonary rehab Respiratory muscle training Breathing exercises

Question 53

Respiratory muscle training prevents

Answer 53

respiratory failure in patients w/ COPD

Question 54

Breathing exercises

Answer 54

Pursed-lip breathing: deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse Diaphragmatic breathing: for patient w/ pulmonary disease, post-op patients, and women in labor to promote relaxation and provide pain control

Question 55

Ask about

Answer 55

``` Degree of breathlessness If distance ambulated without fatigue has increased Rating the breathlessness from 0 to 10 Which interventions reduce dyspnea Frequency of cough and sputum production ```

Question 56

Perform

Answer 56

Observe respiratory rate before, during, and after any activity. Assess any sputum produced. Auscultate lung sounds for improvement in adventitious sounds.