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Nursing 202 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

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1
Q

The exchange of respiratory gases occurs

A

between the environment and the blood.

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2
Q

Respiration is

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.

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3
Q

supply the oxygen demands of the body.

A

The cardiac and respiratory systems

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4
Q

control the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.

A

Neural and chemical regulators

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5
Q

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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6
Q

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Perfusion

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7
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Work of breathing =

A

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs.

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9
Q

Surfactant =

A

Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

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10
Q

Atelectasis =

A

Collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

active process, stimulated by chemical by chemical receptors in the aorta

A

Inspiration

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12
Q

passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

A

Expiration

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13
Q

Compliance =

A

ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increased intraalveolar pressure

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14
Q

Airway resistance =

A

increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airway diameter by bronchoconstriction

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15
Q

Oxygen transport

A

Lungs and cardiovascular system
Depends on lungs (ventilation), blood flow to the lungs and tissues (perfusion), rate of diffusion, and oxygen-carrying capacity

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16
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

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17
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A

Diffuses into red blood cells and is rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid

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18
Q

Tidal volume =

A

amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

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19
Q

Residual volume =

A

the amount of air left in the aveoli after full expiration

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20
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC):

A

the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

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21
Q

Hemoglobin carries

A

O2 and CO2

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22
Q

Neural regulation

A
  • Central nervous system controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
  • Cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration.
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23
Q

Chemical regulation

A
  • Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
  • Chemoreceptors sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.
24
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology involves

A

delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.

25
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology: Oxygenated blood then travels

A

from the lungs to the left side of the heart and the tissues.

26
Q

Myocardial pump

A
  • Two atria and two ventricles

- As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases (Starling’s law).

27
Q

Coronary artery circulation

A

Coronary arteries supply the myocardium with nutrients and remove wastes.

28
Q

Myocardial blood flow

A

Unidirectional through four valves
S1: mitral and tricuspid close
S2: aortic and pulmonic close

29
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Arteries and veins deliver nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products.

30
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

31
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

32
Q

Cardiac output (CO) =

A

Stroke volume (SV) × Heart rate (HR)

33
Q

Preload

A

End-diastolic pressure

34
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance to left ventricular ejection

35
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of conduction pathways

36
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle

37
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

38
Q

Conduction system

A

Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker and is transmitted to the atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers

39
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects

A

the electrical conduction system of the heart.

40
Q

Physiological factors affecting Oxygenation

A

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
Hypovolemia
Decreased inspired oxygen concentration
Increased metabolic rate

41
Q

Conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, CNS alterations

42
Q

Other factors

A

Influences of chronic diseases

43
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

44
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

45
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

46
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

47
Q

Disturbances in conduction

A

Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)

48
Q

Altered cardiac output

A

Insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation; the result of left-sided or right-sided heart failure

49
Q

Impaired valvular function

A

Acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation

50
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands; results in angina, myocardial infarction (MI) and/or acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Angina pectoris: transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

51
Q

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

A

Controlled physical exercise; nutrition counseling; relaxation and stress management; medications; oxygen; compliance; systemic hydration

52
Q

Restorative and Continuing Care

A

Cardiopulmonary rehab
Respiratory muscle training
Breathing exercises

53
Q

Respiratory muscle training prevents

A

respiratory failure in patients w/ COPD

54
Q

Breathing exercises

A

Pursed-lip breathing: deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse

Diaphragmatic breathing: for patient w/ pulmonary disease, post-op patients, and women in labor to promote relaxation and provide pain control

55
Q

Ask about

A 
Degree of breathlessness
If distance ambulated without fatigue has increased
Rating the breathlessness from 0 to 10
Which interventions reduce dyspnea
Frequency of cough and sputum production
56
Q

Perform

A

Observe respiratory rate before, during, and after any activity.
Assess any sputum produced.
Auscultate lung sounds for improvement in adventitious sounds.

Nursing 202 (20 decks)

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