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Nursing 202 > Care of Patients with Infectious Respiratory Problems > Flashcards

Care of Patients with Infectious Respiratory Problems Flashcards

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1
Q

Rhinitis:

A

Inflammation of nasal mucosa

“Hay fever” or “allergies”

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2
Q

Manifestations- allergic rhinitis

A

Headache
Nasal irritation and congestion
Sneezing and rhinorrhea

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3
Q

Manifestations – viral / bacterial rhinitis

A

Same as allergic rhinitis

Also systemic – sore/ dry throat, low-grade fever, malaise

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4
Q

Interventions of Rhinitis

A

Antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, mast cell stabilizers
Decongestants
Antipyretics
Antibiotics
Supportive therapy
Complementary and alternative therapy – vitamin C, zinc

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5
Q

Sinusitis:

A

Inflammation of sinus mucous membranes

Usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Diplococcus, Bacteroides

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6
Q

Manifestations of Sinusitis:

A 
Pain 
Purulent nasal drainage
Fever
Erythema
Swelling
Fatigue
Dental pain
Ear pressure
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7
Q

Nonsurgical management of Sinusitis:

A 
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Analgesics (pain and fever)
Decongestants
Steam humidification
Hot/wet packs over sinus area
Nasal saline irrigations
Increased fluids
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8
Q

Pharyngitis:

A

Sore throat is common inflammation of pharyngeal mucous membranes
Odynophagia, dysphagia, fever, hyperemia
Viral versus Bacterial

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9
Q

Strep throat can lead to serious medical complications!

A

Screen with Rapid Antigen Test (RAT)
Results in 15 minutes
-Epiglottitis is rare complication

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10
Q

Tonsillitis :

A

Inflammation/infection of tonsils and lymphatic tissues
Contagious airborne infection, usually bacterial
Antibiotics for 7-10 days
Surgical intervention

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11
Q

Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA)

A

-Complication of acute tonsillitis
-Manifestations:
Pus causing one-sided swelling with deviation of the uvula
Trismus and difficulty breathing
Bad breath, swollen lymph nodes

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12
Q

Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA): Treatment

A

Percutaneous needle aspiration of abscess

Antibiotics

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13
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes lining the larynx; possible edema of vocal cords

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14
Q

Signs & symptoms of Laryngitis:

A

Acute hoarseness, dry cough, difficulty swallowing, temporary voice loss (aphonia)

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15
Q

Laryngitis Treatment focused on relief and prevention:

A

Voice rest, steam inhalation, increased fluid intake, throat lozenges
Reduce use of tobacco and alcohol

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16
Q

Influenza

A

Highly contagious acute viral respiratory infection

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17
Q

Influenza Signs& Symptoms

A

Severe headache, muscle ache, fever, chills, fatigue, weakness, anorexia

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18
Q

Influenza: Vaccination is advisable

Who?

A

People older 50 yearly vaccines because they are at risk

19
Q

Influenza: Antiviral agents may be effective if

A

started within 24-48 hours of symptoms

20
Q

Pandemic Influenza:

A

“Spanish Influenza”
Mostly prevalent among animals and birds; virus can mutate, becoming infectious to humans
Example: H1N1 (swine flu)

21
Q

Pandemic Influenza: Treatment

A

Strict isolation precautions
Antiviral drugs
-Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza)

22
Q

Pneumonia:

A
  • Excess fluid in lungs resulting from inflammatory process
  • Inflammation triggered by infectious organisms, inhalation of irritants
  • Inflammation occurs in interstitial spaces, alveoli
  • WBC’s to infection site
23
Q

Pneumonia S&S:

A

Reduces gas exchange, leads to hypoxia
Septicemia
Atelectasis- alveolar collapse

24
Q

Risk for Pneumonia:

A

Community-acquired infectious pneumonia

Nosocomial or Health care-acquired

25
Q

Pneumonia: Community-acquired infectious pneumonia:

A

Older adult; never received vaccine or >5 years
Did not receive influenza previous year
Chronic health problems
Exposure to influenza or respiratory viral
Tobacco use/ secondhand, alcohol

26
Q

Pneumonia: Nosocomial

A

Older adult, chronic lung disease
Gram-negative colonization (mouth, throat, stomach)
Altered LOC, recent aspiration, poor nutrition
Presence of ET tube, NG, Trach
Immunocompromised, mechanical ventilation (VAP)

27
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Pneumonia:

A 
Increased respiratory rate- dehydration
Dyspnea
Hypoxemia
Cough
Purulent
Vital signs
Lung sounds
Myalgia
Tripod position
28
Q

Interventions of Pneumonia:

A 
Hand washing
Sterile water for NG
Aspiration precautions
Oxygen
Incentive spirometry
Smoking education
29
Q

Lab assessments for Pneumonia:

A 
Gram stain, culture and sensitivity of sputum
CBC
ABGs
Serum BUN
Electrolytes
Creatinine
30
Q

Imaging & Diagnostic Assessment fir Pneumonia:

A

Chest x-ray
Pulse oximetry
Transtracheal aspiration
Bronchoscopy

31
Q

Pneumonia: Community-Based Care

A 
Home care management
Teaching for self-management 
Health care resources
Prevention
-Immunization of appropriate persons
32
Q

Pulmonary Tuberculosis:

A

Highly communicable; caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transmitted via aerosolization
Secondary TB
Increased incidence secondary to HIV infection

33
Q

Manifestation of TB

A 
Progressive fatigue
Lethargy
Nausea
Anorexia
Weight loss
Irregular menses
Low-grade fever, night sweats
Cough, mucopurulent sputum, blood streaks
34
Q

Diagnostic assessment of TB:

A

Manifestation of signs/symptoms
NAA (Nucleic acid amplification) test (results in 2 hr)
Sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus
Sputum culture confirms it
Tuberculin (Mantoux) test – PPD (Purified Protein derivative) given intradermally in forearm: if +, then chest x-ray
Induration of 10 mm or greater diameter = Positive for exposure

35
Q

PPD Skin test

A

Positive reaction does not mean that active disease is present, but does indicate exposure to TB or dormant disease

36
Q

Interventions of TB:

A

Combination drug therapy with strict adherence:
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Negative sputum culture = No longer infectious

37
Q

Notes on TB medications

A

INH- empty stomach, avoid ETOH, dark urine yellow skin = liver toxicity
Rifampin – red/ orange urine, additional contraceptive, ETOH, liver toxicity
PZA – water, sunscreen, ETOH, liver toxicity
EMB – ETOH, vision changes, water

38
Q

Pertussis:

A

Respiratory infection – Bordetella pertussis
Contagious, respiratory droplets
Childhood to adult

39
Q

When Pertussis occurs:

A

Catarrhal stage- Common cold- mild cough
Paroxysmal- Severe coughing ‘fits’- “whooping” cough
Recovery - Can last for months

40
Q

Diagnosis for Pertussis

A

Sputum cultures

41
Q

Greatest risk for developing TB:

A

contact with untreated, HIV, crowded areas prisoners, shelters, mental health, homeless, drug abusers, lower socioeconomic, foreign

42
Q

TB is the most common

A

-bacterial infection
2nd TB reactivated when defenses lowered especially older adults or HIV
Acid-base bacilli AFB

43
Q

Active TB transmitted by

A

cough, laugh, sneeze, whistle, sings= droplets are airborne

Nursing 202 (20 decks)

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