Inflammation and Immunity Flashcards
Self versus non self proteins
Non self: infected body cells, cancer cells, cells from other people, and invading organisms
Self: immune system cells
Self tolerance:
recognizing self vs non self to prevent healthy cells from being destroyed
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs):
surface proteins that are specific to that person
Antigens:
proteins capable of stimulating an immune response
Immunity changes due to a person’s
nutritional status
The bone marrow products immature undifferentiated cells called
stem cells
3 processes needed for human protection through immunity:
- Inflammation
- Antibody mediated immunity (AMI)
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
Inflammation differs from AMI and CMI in 2 ways:
- Inflammation protection is immediate but short term - does not provide true immunity
- Is a nonspecific body defense to invasion or injury and can be started quickly by almost any event
Inflammation can occur without
infection
Neutrophils:
55%
Mature cells are capable of phagocytosis
Nonspecific protection against organisms
Absolute neutrophil count ANC:
measures a patient’s risk for infection: the higher the number, the greater resistance to infection
left shift or bandemia:
the segmented neutrophil (far right) is no longer the most numerous type of circulating neutrophils
Macrophages:
Located mainly: in the liver, spleen, and intestinal tract
-Immediate imflammatory response and also stimulate the longer-lasting immune responses of AMI and CMI
Functions: phagocytosis, repair, antigen presenting/processing, and secretion of cytokines for immune system control
Basophils:
1%
Acts on blood vessels with basophil chemicals which include heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinins, and leukotrienes
-Immunoglobulin E
Functions: stimulates both general inflammation and inflammation of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions
Eosinophils:
1-2%
Functions: very active against infestations of parasitic larvae and also limits inflammatory reactions
-allergic response
Tissue mast cells:
Come from different parent cell than leukocytes and do not circulate as mature cells
-Important roles in maintaining and prolonging inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions
Phagocytosis:
the engulfing and destruction of invaders,which also rids the body of debris after tissue injury
5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation:
Warmth Redness Swelling Pain Decreased function -timing might overlap
3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 1
The vascular part of the inflammatory response that first involves changes in blood vessels
-Blood flow to the area increases (hyperemia) and swelling (edema) forms at the site of injury
3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 2
The cellular exudate part of the response Neutrophilia occurs (increased number of circulating neutrophils)
3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 3
Features tissue repair and replacement
Completed last but begins at the time of the injury
7 steps of phagocytosis:
- Exposure and invasion
- Attraction
- Adherence
- Recognition
- Cellular ingestion
- Phagosome formation
- Degradation
- Exposure and invasion:
the body is invaded and leukocytes are present
- Attraction
WBCs come in direct contact with target
damaged tissues secret chemotaxins and they bring neutrophils and macrophages
- Adherence
Allow phagocytic cell to bind to the surface of the target
- Recognition
when the phagocytic cell sticks to the target cell and recognizes it as non self
- Cellular ingestion
phagocytic destruction occurs inside cell
- Phagosome formation
phagocyte’s granules break and release enzymes that attack the ingested target
- Degradation
enzymes in phagosome digest the engulfed target
