Inflammation and Immunity

Question 1

Self versus non self proteins

Answer 1

Non self: infected body cells, cancer cells, cells from other people, and invading organisms
Self: immune system cells

Question 2

Self tolerance:

Answer 2

recognizing self vs non self to prevent healthy cells from being destroyed

Question 3

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs):

Answer 3

surface proteins that are specific to that person

Question 4

Antigens:

Answer 4

proteins capable of stimulating an immune response

Question 5

Immunity changes due to a person’s

Answer 5

nutritional status

Question 6

The bone marrow products immature undifferentiated cells called

Answer 6

stem cells

Question 7

3 processes needed for human protection through immunity:

Answer 7

1. Inflammation
2. Antibody mediated immunity (AMI)
3. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Question 8

Inflammation differs from AMI and CMI in 2 ways:

Answer 8

1. Inflammation protection is immediate but short term - does not provide true immunity
2. Is a nonspecific body defense to invasion or injury and can be started quickly by almost any event

Question 9

Inflammation can occur without

Answer 9

infection

Question 10

Neutrophils:

Answer 10

55%
Mature cells are capable of phagocytosis
Nonspecific protection against organisms

Question 11

Absolute neutrophil count ANC:

Answer 11

measures a patient’s risk for infection: the higher the number, the greater resistance to infection

Question 12

left shift or bandemia:

Answer 12

the segmented neutrophil (far right) is no longer the most numerous type of circulating neutrophils

Question 13

Macrophages:

Answer 13

Located mainly: in the liver, spleen, and intestinal tract
-Immediate imflammatory response and also stimulate the longer-lasting immune responses of AMI and CMI
Functions: phagocytosis, repair, antigen presenting/processing, and secretion of cytokines for immune system control

Question 14

Basophils:

Answer 14

1%
Acts on blood vessels with basophil chemicals which include heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinins, and leukotrienes
-Immunoglobulin E
Functions: stimulates both general inflammation and inflammation of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions

Question 15

Eosinophils:

Answer 15

1-2%
Functions: very active against infestations of parasitic larvae and also limits inflammatory reactions
-allergic response

Question 16

Tissue mast cells:

Answer 16

Come from different parent cell than leukocytes and do not circulate as mature cells
-Important roles in maintaining and prolonging inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions

Question 17

Phagocytosis:

Answer 17

the engulfing and destruction of invaders,which also rids the body of debris after tissue injury

Question 18

5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation:

Answer 18

Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Decreased function
-timing might overlap

Question 19

3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 1

Answer 19

The vascular part of the inflammatory response that first involves changes in blood vessels
-Blood flow to the area increases (hyperemia) and swelling (edema) forms at the site of injury

Question 20

3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 2

Answer 20

The cellular exudate part of the response 
Neutrophilia occurs (increased number of circulating neutrophils)

Question 21

3 stage sequence of inflammation: Stage 3

Answer 21

Features tissue repair and replacement

Completed last but begins at the time of the injury

Question 22

7 steps of phagocytosis:

Answer 22

1. Exposure and invasion
2. Attraction
3. Adherence
4. Recognition
5. Cellular ingestion
6. Phagosome formation
7. Degradation

Question 23

1. Exposure and invasion:

Answer 23

the body is invaded and leukocytes are present

Question 24

2. Attraction

Answer 24

WBCs come in direct contact with target

damaged tissues secret chemotaxins and they bring neutrophils and macrophages

Question 25

3. Adherence

Answer 25

Allow phagocytic cell to bind to the surface of the target

Question 26

4. Recognition

Answer 26

when the phagocytic cell sticks to the target cell and recognizes it as non self

Question 27

5. Cellular ingestion

Answer 27

phagocytic destruction occurs inside cell

Question 28

6. Phagosome formation

Answer 28

phagocyte’s granules break and release enzymes that attack the ingested target

Question 29

7. Degradation

Answer 29

enzymes in phagosome digest the engulfed target