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Nursing 202 > Care of Patients with Infection > Flashcards

Care of Patients with Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable infections

A

transmitted from person to person

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2
Q

Transmission of Infection requires three factors:

A

Reservoir of infectious agents
Susceptible host with portal of entry
Mode of transmission

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3
Q

A person with an active infection or asymptomatic carrier is a

A

reservoir

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4
Q

Toxins:

A

protein molecule released by bacteria to affect host cells at a distant site

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5
Q

Passive immunity:

A

short duration (days or months) and either natural by transplacental transfer from the mother or artificial by injection of antibodies

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6
Q

Active immunity:

A

lasts for years and is natural by infection or artificial by stimulation of the body’s immune defenses

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7
Q

What is the body’s best barrier of defenses against infection:

A

Skin

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8
Q

Routes of transmission:

A

Respiratory: influenza virus, myobacterium tuberculosis, and streptococcus pneumonia

GI tract: Shigella, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, hepatitis A virus

Genitourinary tract: UTIs

Intact skin or mucous membranes: Treponema pallidum

Bloodstream

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9
Q

Sometimes medical procedures create a break in cutaneous or mucocutaneous barriers as in

A

catheter acquired bacteremia (blood in the bloodstream) and surgical site infections (SSIs)

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10
Q

Microorganisms can gain direct access to the bloodstream when

A

invasive devices or tubes are used

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11
Q

Methods of transmission:

A

Contact: direct or indirect
Droplet
Airborne
Vector-borne (for example, insects/animals)
Environment (for example, contaminated food, water)
Portal of exit

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12
Q

Common defense mechanisms:

A

Body tissues
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Immune systems

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13
Q

AMI:

A

produces antibodies directed against certain pathogens

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14
Q

CMI:

A

Resistance to other microorganisms is mediated by the action of specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes

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15
Q

Infection control includes:

A 
Facility policies and procedures
Surveillance and analysis
Patient and staff education
Community collaboration
Product evaluation
Bioengineering
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16
Q

Methods of infection control:

A 
Hand hygiene
Disinfection/sterilization
Standard Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions
Staff and patient placement and cohorting
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17
Q

RH/CE elements:

A

Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette:
Patient, staff, and visitor education
Posted signs
Hand hygiene
Covering the nose and mouth with a tissue and prompt tissue disposal
Separation from the person with respiratory infection by more than 3 feet

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18
Q

Transmission based precautions:

A

Airborne: use negative airflow rooms
Droplet: may travel 3 ft Ex. influenza, mumps, meningitis, pertussis
Contact: patients with significant multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) Ex. MRSA, VRE, RSV, lice

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19
Q

What has been a way to reduce spread of infection?

A

Patient placement

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20
Q

Cohorting:

A

the practice of grouping patients who are colonized or infected with the same pathogen

21
Q

Biofilm:

A

glycocalyx
complex group of microorganism that functions within “slimy” gel coating on medical devices such as urinary catheters, orthopedic implants, and enternal feeding tubes
-extremely difficult to treat

22
Q

MRSA:

A

Staphlococcus aureus is common bacteria found on the skin and perineum and in the nose of many people

does not respond to methicillin or other penicillin-based drug
Susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline fosamil

23
Q

How to avoid MRSA:

A 
Frequent hand hygiene
Avoiding close contact w/ people who have infectious wounds
Avoiding large crowds
Avoiding contaminated objects
Using good oral hygiene
24
Q

VRE:

A

Enterococci are bacteria live in the intestinal tract and are important for digestion
-move to another area and cause an infection
Ex. Surgery

25
Q

CRE:

A

Carbapenem antibiotics given for abdominal interactions such as peritonitis, have been used extensively for the past 15 years
-Recommends chlorhexidine (2% dilution) bathing

26
Q

Problems from inadequate antimicrobial therapy:

A
  • Drug regimen noncompliance or non-adherence also contributes to resistant organism development
  • Septic shock: insufficient cardiac output is compounded by hypovolemia = inadequate blood supply to organs
  • Legal sanctions compelling a patient to complete treatment (for example, TB)
  • Septicemia or bloodstream infection (BSI)
27
Q

Clinical manifestations:

A 
pain
swelling
heat
redness
pus
Lymphadenopathy: enlarged lymph nodes
Pharyngitis
GI disturbance
28
Q

Assessment patient history:

A

age, history of tobacco or alcohol use, current illness or disease, past and current drug use, and poor nutritional status

29
Q

Psychosocial assessment:

A

Assess patient’s and family’s level of understanding about various diagnostic procedures and the time required to obtain test results

30
Q

Lab assessment:

A
  • Best procedure: obtaining a culture
  • Sensitivity testing: occurs to determine effects of various drugs on that particular microorganism
  • WBC count
  • ESR
  • Serologic testing: performed to identify pathogens by detecting antibodies to the organisms
31
Q

Imaging assessment:

A

X-ray films

CT and MRI

32
Q

Analysis: Priority NANDA-I nursing diagnosis and collaborative problems include:

A
  1. Hyperthermia related to immune response

2. Social isolation related to being placed on Transmission Based Precautions

33
Q

Hyperthermia: Expected outcome

A

Patients with an infection are Expected to have a body temp w/in normal limits

34
Q

Interventions of Hyperthermia:

A

Drug therapy: antibiotics, antiviral agents, antifungals, antipyretics
External cooling: blankets or ice bags or packs
Teach UAP to observe and report shivering during any form of external cooling

35
Q

Antimicrobials act on susceptible pathogens by:

A

Inhibiting wall synthesis
Injuring the cytoplasmic membrane
Inhibiting biosynthesis
Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

36
Q

Interventions of Social isolation:

A

education is priority

37
Q

Home care management:

A
  • Clean home environment is important especially to patients with superinfection
  • Explain disease and making certain the patient understands what is causing their illness
38
Q

Health Care resources: hand off information to the next facility such as

A

SBAR

39
Q

Expected outcomes in general:

A

Has body temp and vital signs w/in normal range
Adheres to drug therapy regimen
Copes w/ feeling of social isolation

40
Q

C-diff:

A

due to the use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

41
Q

Pathogen (agent) –

A

Microorganism capable of producing disease

42
Q

Pathogenicity –

A

Ability to cause disease

43
Q

Virulence –

A

Degree of communicability

44
Q

Normal flora –

A

Characteristic bacteria of a body location; often compete with other microorganisms to prevent infections

45
Q

Surveillance –

A

Tracking and reporting of infections

46
Q

Types of HAIs

A
  1. Endogenous infection – From patient flora

2. Exogenous infection – From outside the patient, often from tubes, implants, or health care workers’ hands

47
Q

MRSA Spread by:

A

Indwelling urinary catheters
Vascular access devices
Endotracheal tubes

48
Q

Emerging Infections and Global Bioterrorism:

A 
Emerging infectious diseases
Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
Pandemic infections
Contaminated food
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

Nursing 202 (20 decks)

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