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Biochem > Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) Flashcards

1
Q

The ATP synthesizing structures are found in this cellular location

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

Ca2+ is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane through this mechanism

A

Uniport

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3
Q

ADP and ATP are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane through this mechanism

A

Antiport

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4
Q

Pyruvate is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane through this mechanism

A

Symport with H+

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5
Q

Phosphate is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane through this mechanism

A

Symport with H+

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6
Q

Organic molecule (NOT a protein) that transfers electrons between complex I and III, or complex II and III

A

Ubiquionone (Coenzyme Q)

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7
Q

Organic molecule that interacts with FAD-linked proteins and is synthesized from tyrosine ring and acetyl CoA isoprene side chain

A

Ubiquionone (Coenzyme Q)

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8
Q

Small heme-containing protein bound to the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Transfers electrons between complexes III and IV

A

Cytochrome C

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9
Q

Ubiquionone (Coenzyme Q) transfers electrons between these complexes

A

I and III
or II and III

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10
Q

Cytochrome C transfers electrons between these complexes

A

III and IV

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11
Q

Return transport of this # of H+ is required per ATP synthesized

A

4

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12
Q

Describes the number of ATP made per oxygen atom reduced to water

A

P/O ratio

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13
Q

P/O ratio for NADH

A

2.5

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14
Q

Number of H+ transported per NADH reoxidized

A

10 H+
(4 x 2.5)

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15
Q

P/O ratio for FADH2

A

1.5

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16
Q

FADH2 linked substrates bypass this in the ETC

A

Complex I

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17
Q

Number of electrons required by oxygen to be reduced to water

A

2

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18
Q

Lack of oxygen has this effect on the amount of NADH

A

NADH builds up (slows down prior metabolic pathways)

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19
Q

Term that describes the number of CO2 formed per O2 consumed

A

Respiratory quotient (R.Q.)

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20
Q

Complex of ETC that is a NADH dehydrogenase

A

Complex I

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21
Q

Complex of ETC that is a succinate dehydrogenase
(Electrons from fumarate transferred to succinate)

A

Complex II

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22
Q

Enzyme shuttle involved in complex II of ETC that shuttles cytoplasmic NADH equivalents to the mitochondria
Generates 1.5 ATP per cytosolic NADH oxidized

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

Complex of ETC that is a CoQ-Cytochrome C oxidoreductase

A

Complex III

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24
Q

Complex of ETC that is a cytochrome oxidase

A

Complex IV

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25
Q

Shuttle involved in complex II of ETC that shuttles cytoplasmic NADH equivalents to the mitochondria
Generates 2.5 ATP per cytosolic NADH oxidized

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

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26
Q

High ADP has what effect on oxygen utilization?

A

Increases

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27
Q

Ca2+ concentration is higher intracellular or extracellular?

A

Extracellular

28
Q

Ca2+ stimulates these 3 mitochondrial enzymes to provide more NADH for ETC

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (indirectly through activation of phosphatase)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

29
Q

Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation has this effect on glycolysis

A

Increases

30
Q

Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation has this effect on lactate formation

A

Increases

31
Q

The Pasteur effect states that the presence of oxygen has what effect on glucose utilization?

A

Slows/decreases

32
Q

Do cancer cells have a high or low rate of lactate formation?

A

High

33
Q

Type of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation that decrease oxygen utilization (respiration) or ATP formation

A

Direct ETC inhibitors

34
Q

Type of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation that depend on electron transport being tightly coupled to the formation of the transmembrane proton gradient

A

Indirect ETC inhibitors

35
Q

Rotenone is an insecticide that inhibits:

A

Complex I

36
Q

Amytal is a barbiturate that inhibits:

A

Complex II

37
Q

MPTP is a synthetic heroin that inhibits:

A

Complex I

38
Q

Malonate inhibits:

A

Complex II (competitive inhibitor of succinate)

39
Q

Direct ETC inhibitor that is a competitive inhibitor of succinate of complex II

A

Malonate

40
Q

Antimycin is a bacterial product that inhibits:

A

Complex II

41
Q

Cyanide inhibits:

A

Complex IV

42
Q

Atractyloside blocks this part of ETC

A

Adenine nucleotide translocase

43
Q

Component of ETC that transports ADP from the cytosol into the mitochondria and ATP out to the cytosol

A

Adenine nucleotide translocase

44
Q

Indirect inhibitor of ETC that blocks Fo proton channel of ATP synthase

A

Oligomycin

45
Q

Oligomycin blocks this

A

Fo proton channel of ATP synthase

46
Q

Oligomycin has this effect on H+ levels

A

H+ builds up, inhibiting electron transport

47
Q

Brown fat in newborns contains this

A

Uncoupled mitochondria

48
Q

Uncoupled mitochondria in newborns is found in this tissue

A

Brown fat

49
Q

Transport protein that allows protons through the inner membrane in the presence of fatty acids
Converts energy to heat (instead of chemical ATP)

A

Thermogenin or UCP1

50
Q

Proteins structurally similar to UCP1 which may have a role in controlling the leakiness of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and decrease the efficiency of ATP formation

A

UCP2, UCP3

51
Q

Aspirin, pentachlorophenol, dinitrophenol has this effect on the ETC

A

Uncouplers - so facilitate proton transport across the inner membrane and increase rate of oxygen consumption

52
Q

Uncouplers (Aspirin, pentachlorophenol, dinitrophenol) have this effect on oxygen consumption

A

Increased

53
Q

Does physical exercise increase or decrease the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in muscle?

A

Increases

54
Q

Effect of severe lung disease, high altitude, and drowning on respiration

A

Impaired respiration

55
Q

Effect of severe anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, and sickling crisis on oxygen delivery

A

Impaired oxygen delivery

56
Q

Alcohol intoxication has this effect on gluconeogenesis

A

Impaired

57
Q

Von Gierke’s disease has this effect on gluconeogenesis

A

Impaired

58
Q

3 common characteristics of mitochondrial gene mutations

A

Lactic acidosis
Muscular weakness
Primarily effect highly aerobic tissues (muscle, nerve, eye)

59
Q

Mitochondrial disease that involves abnormal eye movements, loss of hearing, ataxia, lactic acidosis, and progressive dementia

A

MERRF: myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers

60
Q

Mitochondrial disease that involves stroke-like episodes, abnormal motor and cognitive development, lactic acidosis, cardiomyopathy, deafness, dementia, renal disease

A

MELAS: mitochondrial encepahlopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke

61
Q

Autoimmune mitochondrial disease that is the leading cause of blindness in young men

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

62
Q

Mitochondrial disease involving sub-acute necrotizing encephalopathy

A

Leigh syndrome

63
Q

Phenomenon in cancer cells that involves the use of aerobic glycolysis for energy production

A

Warburg effect

64
Q

Warburg effect states that cancer cells have high rates of:

A

Glycolysis (glucose uptake) and lactate formation

65
Q

According to the Warburg effect, cancer cells have advantages in this type of environment

A

Hypoxic

Biochem (21 decks)

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