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Biochem > Glycogen > Flashcards

Glycogen Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular location of glycogen synthesis and degradation

A

Cytosol

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2
Q

Glycogen is stored as

A

cytosolic granules

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3
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in what type of cell?

A

Muscle cells

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4
Q

Glycogen is a glucose polymer of this type of linkage

A

Alpha-1,4 linkages

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5
Q

Glycogen is a glucose polymer with this type of branching linkage

A

Alpha-1,6 linkages

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6
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
Glucose-6-phosphate –> glucose-1-phosphate

A

Phosphoglucomutase

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7
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP –> UDP-glucose + PPi

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

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8
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
UDP-glucose + Glycogen (n residues) –> Glycogen (n+1 residues)

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

Protein that catalyzes glycogen primer formation

A

Glycogenin

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10
Q

First glucose residue is added to glycogenin on this residue

A

Tyr

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11
Q

Branching enzyme creates this type of linkage

A

Alpha-1,6 linkage

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12
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
Glycogen (n residues) –> Glycogen (n-1 residues) + Glucose-1-phosphate

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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13
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase removes this type of linkages

A

Alpha-1,4 linkages

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14
Q

Prosthetic group of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vit B6)

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15
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
Glucose-1-phosphate –> Glucose-6-phosphate

A

Phosphoglucomutase (reversible)

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16
Q

Debranching enzyme removes this type of linkage

A

Alpha-1,6 linkages

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17
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase is found in this subcellular location

A

Embedded in ER membrane

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18
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes:
Glucose-6-phosphate –> Glucose + PPi

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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19
Q

Organs that have glucose-6-phosphatase

A

Liver and kidney

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20
Q

Peptide hormone that stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

A

Insulin

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21
Q

Insulin stimulates this enzyme via GPCR

A

cAMP PDE

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22
Q

Peptide hormone that signals glycogen breakdown in liver only

A

Glucagon

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23
Q

Glucagon stimulates this enzyme

A

AC via GPCR

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24
Q

PKA is activated during glycogen breakdown via this pathway in the liver

A

Glucagon binds GPCR –> AC –> cAMP –> PKA

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25
Q

PKA phosphorylates and inhibits this glycogen enzyme

A

Glycogen synthase

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26
Q

PKA phosphorylates and activates this enzyme

A

Phosphorylase kinase

27
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase

A

Phosphorylase kinase

28
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase

A

PKA

29
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase kinase

A

PKA

30
Q

Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates and activates this enzyme

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

31
Q

Is this enzyme active or inactive when phosphorylated:
Glycogen synthase

A

Inactive

32
Q

Is this enzyme active or inactive when phosphorylated:
Phosphorylase kinase

A

Active

33
Q

Is this enzyme active or inactive when phosphorylated:
Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Active

34
Q

Epinephrine signals glycogen breakdown in muscle via this pathway

A

Adenylate cyclase - PKA pathway

35
Q

Type of receptors activated by epinephrine (muscle and liver; via PKA pathway) and glucagon

A

Beta-receptors

36
Q

Epinephrine signals glycogen breakdown in the liver only via this pathway

A

PLC beta - PKC pathway

37
Q

Type of receptors activated by epinephrine in liver only via the PKC pathway

A

Alpha receptors

38
Q

Epinephrine stimulates the AC-PKA pathway in this type of cell

A

Muscle and liver

39
Q

Epinephrine stimulates the PLCb-PKC pathway in this type of cell

A

Liver only

40
Q

After activation of alpha receptors by epinephrine, this enzyme is activated

A

PLC beta

41
Q

After activation of alpha receptors by epinephrine, PLC beta produces these molecules

A

IP3 and DAG (from PIP2)

42
Q

Molecule produced from PIP2 by PLC beta that increases Ca2+ release from the ER

A

IP3

43
Q

Molecules produced from activation of PLC beta that activate PKC

A

Ca2+ and DAG

44
Q

This molecule can bind calmodulin in the epinephrine PLCb-PKC pathway

A

Ca2+

45
Q

Are the glycogen enzymes phosphorylated of dephosphorylated in the fasted state / exercise?

A

Phosphorylated

46
Q

Are the glycogen enzymes phosphorylated of dephosphorylated in the fed state?

A

Dephosphorylated

47
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fasted state / during exercise:
Glycogen synthase

A

OFF

48
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fasted state / during exercise:
Glycogen phosphorylase

A

ON

49
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fasted state / during exercise:
Phosphorylase kinase

A

ON

50
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fed state:
Glycogen synthase

A

ON

51
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fed state:
Glycogen phosphorylase

A

OFF

52
Q

Is this enzyme on or off in the fed state:
Phosphorylase kinase

A

OFF

53
Q

Glycogen levels are not impacted by the fasted/fed state in this type of cell

A

Muscle

54
Q

AMP is allosteric modulator of glycogen phosphorylase in this type of cell

A

Muscle

55
Q

Muscle glycogen phosphorylase is allosterically regulated by this

A

AMP

56
Q

Glucose is allosteric inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in this type of cell

A

Liver

57
Q

Liver glycogen phosphorylase is allosterically inhibited by this

A

Glucose

58
Q

Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Allosteric inhibition by AMP (muscle) or glucose (liver), glucose-6-phosphate and ATP (both)

59
Q

Effects of Ca2+ in muscle glycogen metabolism is primarily due to this

A

Nerve stimulation pathway

60
Q

Effects of Ca2+ in liver glycogen metabolism is due to this

A

Epinephrine pathway (Alpha receptor –> PLC beta –> PKC)

61
Q

Allosteric inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase in both muscle and liver

A

Glucose-6-phosphate and ATP

62
Q

Allosteric activation of glycogen synthase in both muscle and liver

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

63
Q

Abuse of insulin can lead to this:

A

Glycogen formation; Hypoglycemia

64
Q

Type I diabetics skipping insulin injections can lead to this:

A

Hyperglycemia

Biochem (21 decks)

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