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Biochem > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules that convey the stimulus-induced signal to effector molecules

A

Intracellular signaling molecules

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2
Q

Molecules that change cell behavior when activated by the signal

A

Effector molecules

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3
Q

3 C’s of Cell Signaling Functions

A

Communication, Coordination, Control

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4
Q

Circulating chemical messengers that bind and activate receptors to induce signaling

A

First messengers

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5
Q

Type of ligands that cannot cross the cell membrane

A

Water soluble ligands

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6
Q

Type of ligands that must bind to receptors in the cell membrane from outside the cell

A

Water soluble ligands

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7
Q

Type of ligands that can cross the membrane and have intracellular receptors

A

Lipid soluble ligands

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8
Q

Epinephrine is an example of this type of ligand

A

Water soluble ligand

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9
Q

Estradiol is an example of what type of ligand

A

Lipid soluble ligand

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10
Q

Lipid bilayer group that is hydrophilic, charged, and may be phosphorylated

A

Head group

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11
Q

Lipid bilayer group that is hydrophobic, frequently a hydrocarbon chain of varying length, and saturated or unsaturated

A

Tail group

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12
Q

Type of receptor that has intrinsic GTPase activity

A

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

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13
Q

g alpha subunit that stimulates adenylate cyclase

A

Gs

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14
Q

G alpha subunit that inhibits adenylate cyclase

A

Gi

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15
Q

G alpha subunit that stimulates PLC beta

A

Gq

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16
Q

Glucagon, epinephrine, and luteinizing hormone are examples of ligands for what receptor pathway?

A

GPCR: Adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway

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17
Q

The adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway generates this enzyme

A

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)

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18
Q

Action of PKA in the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway

A

Phosphorylates cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear proteins (transcription factors)

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19
Q

Inactivation of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway invovles:

A
  1. Inactivation of G protein by GTP hydrolysis
  2. Metabolism of cAMP to 5’-AMP by PDE
  3. Dephosphorylation of PKA by phosphatases
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20
Q

Term that describes the structure of G proteins

A

Heterotrimeric - contain 3 subunits (a, B, y)

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21
Q

The PLC beta pathway produces these second messengers

A

DAG and IP3

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22
Q

Second messenger that induces the release of Ca2+, activating Ca2+ dependent enzymes (further activating PKC)
Induced by PLC beta

A

IP3

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23
Q

Protein kinases involved in GPCR signaling that recognize different substrates

A

PKC and PKA

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24
Q

DAG and IP3 second messengers activate this enzyme

A

PKC

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25
Q

Second messenger that activates enzymes that require both it and Ca2+, namely PKC
Induced by PLC beta

A

DAG

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26
Q

Prostaglandins, hormones, and opioids are examples of water soluble ligands for this pathway

A

GPCR PLC beta pathway

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27
Q

Inactivation of the PLC beta pathway involves:

A
  1. Inactivation of G protein by GTP hydrolysis
  2. Metabolism of DAG and IP3
  3. Dephosphorylation of substrate proteins by phosphatases
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28
Q

RAS family gene mutations have what typical effect

A

Gain of function

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29
Q

Type of receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand binding region, transmembrane region, and intracellular effector enzyme domain

A

Enzyme-linked receptor

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30
Q

Protein kinases, phosphatase, and guanylate cyclase are examples of enzymes for what type of receptor?

A

Enzyme-linked receptor

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31
Q

Ligand binding to receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK) causes:

A

Dimerization then autophosphorylation of the receptor

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32
Q

Common inactivation steps of GPCRs

A

Inactivation of G protein by GTP hydrolysis
Metabolism of second messengers
Dephosphorylation of substrate proteins by phosphatases

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33
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and other growth factors are water-soluble ligands of what type of receptors?

A

Enzyme-linked receptor, specifically receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK)

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34
Q

Pathway activated by receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK)

A

PLC gamma pathway

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35
Q

Residues in PLC gamma that can be phosphorylated

A

Tyrosine residues

36
Q

Isoforms of PLC that catalyze the same reaction but in response to different ligands and receptor types

A

Beta and gamma isoforms

37
Q

Monomeric G protein that activates a kinase phospho-relay pathway to change genetic and non-genetic cell functions

A

Ras

38
Q

Ras can be activated by this receptor

A

receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK)

39
Q

Gain of function mutations to this type of receptor drive growth metastasis of multiple solid tumors by promoting chronic phosphorylation

A

receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK)

40
Q

Insulin activates this type of receptor

A

receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK)

41
Q

Receptors that are closely associated with proteins that have enzymatic activity, and conformational change occurs in the receptor upon binding of ligand, leading to nucleation of a protein complex and activation of associated enzymes

A

Non-enzymatic nucleating receptor

42
Q

JAK-STAT is this type of receptor

A

Non-enzymatic nucleating receptor

43
Q

Proteins bound to phosphorylated receptor that also are phosphorylated by JAK

A

STAT proteins

44
Q

After being phosphorylated by JAK, these proteins are released from receptors and form dimers that move to the nucleus and act as transcription factors

A

STATs

45
Q

Tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates STAT proteins

A

JAK

46
Q

Cytokines, growth hormone, and prolactin are examples of ligands for this type of receptor

A

Non-enzymatic nucleating receptor

47
Q

Activation of this type of receptor can promote expression of inflammatory cytokines and is important in cytokine-induced inflammation

A

Non-enzymatic nucleating receptor

48
Q

Inhibitors of this protein have been approved to treat immune-mediated conditions

A

JAK

49
Q

Type of receptor that is an intracellular ligand-activated transcription factor

A

Nuclear receptor

50
Q

Ligands of this type of receptor must be lipid soluble so they can activate intracellular receptors

A

Nuclear receptor

51
Q

Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cholecalciferol are examples of ligands to this type of receptor

A

Nuclear receptor

52
Q

Small intracellular molecules and/or ions that convey receptor signals to downstream effector molecules

A

Second messengers

53
Q

Type of molecules that generate second messengers

A

Effector enzymes

54
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is an example of a ligand for this effector enzyme

A

Particulate guanylate cyclase (membrane receptor form)

55
Q

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are examples of ligands for this effector enzyme

A

Soluble guanylate cyclase (cytoplasmic)

56
Q

cAMP is generated by this effector enzyme

A

Adenylate cyclase + ATP

57
Q

cGMP is generated by this effector enzyme

A

Guanylate cyclase + GTP

58
Q

IP3 and DAG are generated by this effector enzyme

A

Phospholipase C + PI(4,5)P2

59
Q

Ca2+ ions are generated by this receptor ligand that activates ER release of Ca2+

A

IP3

60
Q

IP3 binds to and promotes opening of channels for this second messenger on the ER membrane

A

Ca2+

61
Q

Adenylate cyclase generates this second messenger

A

cAMP

62
Q

Guanylate cyclase generates this second messenger

A

cGMP

63
Q

PLC + PI(4,5)P2 generate these second messengers

A

IP3 and DAG

64
Q

IP3 generates this second messenger

A

Ca2+

65
Q

Commonly phosphorylated amino acids

A

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine

66
Q

Kinase induced signaling pathways are reversed by these proteins

A

Phosphatases

67
Q

Cholera toxin interacts with this protein

A

Gs

68
Q

Cholera toxin has what effect on Gs?

A

Inhibits intrinsic GTPase activity, keeping Gs bound to GTP and active

69
Q

Cholera toxin effects on Gs, Adenylate cyclase, cAMP, PKA, and CFTR:

A

Gs: inhibits GTPase activity, keeping it active
Adenylate cyclase: remains active
cAMP: produced by AC
PKA: activated by cAMP
CFTR: activated by PKA; dumps chloride and water into intestine

70
Q

Bacteria pertussis toxin binds to this protein

A

Gi

71
Q

Pertussis toxin has what effect on Gi?

A

Prevents it from interacting with GPCR, keeping it inactive

72
Q

Pertussis toxin effects on Gi, Adenylate cyclase, cAMP, and PKA:

A

Gi: inhibits
Adenylate cyclase: not inhibited by Gi, so it is active
cAMP: produced by AC
PKA: activated by cAMP, leading to increased secretions and mucus production in the respiratory tract

73
Q

Cholera toxin affects this part of the body

A

Gut

74
Q

Bordetella bacteria pertussis affects this part of the body

A

Respiratory system

75
Q

Increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ in response to a stimuli
Normal

A

Hyperplasia

76
Q

Uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body
Disruption of homeostasis

A

Neoplasia

77
Q

Describes when the product of a reaction/process leads to a decrease in that reaction/process

A

Restated

78
Q

After a sensor detects a specific stimulus, it activates this type of pathway

A

Afferent pathway

79
Q

After a stimulus is integrated, this pathway is activated

A

Efferent pathway

80
Q

Blood pressure regulation is this type of feedback

A

Negative feedback

81
Q

Oxygen saturation regulation is this type of feedback

A

Negative feedback

82
Q

Feedback that moves the system away from homeostasis

A

Positive feedback

83
Q

Childbirth is this type of feedback

A

Positive feedback

84
Q

Platelet activation is this type of feedback

A

Positive feedback

85
Q

Type of feedback that requires an external factor to shut the loop off

A

Positive feedback

Biochem (21 decks)

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