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Biochem > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Products of glycolysis produced per glucose

A

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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2
Q

Conditions in which NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by ETC

A

Aerobic

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3
Q

Conditions in which NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by reducting pyruvate to lactate

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes Glucose –> G-6-P

A

Hexokinase (muscle and adipose)
Glucokinase (liver and pancreas)

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5
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Hexokinase/glucokinase reaction

A

Irreversible
Regulated

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6
Q

Number of isozymes of hexokinase

A

4

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7
Q

Enzymes in glycolysis that require ATP

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase

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8
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to G-6-P in muscle and adipose

A

Hexokinase

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9
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to G-6-P in liver and pancreas

A

Glucokinase

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10
Q

Enzyme that converts G-6-P to fructose-6-P

A

Glucose-6-P isomerase

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11
Q

Step in glycolysis that is a branch point to other pathways

A

Fructose-6-P

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12
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Glucose-6-P isomerase reaction

A

Reversible
Not regulated

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13
Q

Enzyme that converts Fructose-6-P to F-1,6-BP

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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14
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Phosphofructosekinase-1

A

Irreversible
Regulated

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15
Q

First committed (irreversible) step in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructosekinase-1

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16
Q

Enzyme that converts F-1,6-BP to dihydroxyacetone P and glyceraldehyde-3-P

A

Aldolase

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17
Q

Reaction/enzyme in glycolysis that is thermodynamically unfavorable

A

Aldolase reaction

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18
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Aldolase reaction

A

Reversible
Unregulated

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19
Q

Enzyme that converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-P

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

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20
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Triose phosphate isomerase

A

Reversible
Unregulated

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21
Q

Enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

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22
Q

High energy acid anhydride in glycolysis

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

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23
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase reaction

A

Reversible
Not regulated

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24
Q

Reaction in glycolysis that is an aldose to ketose isomerization (pyranose, 6 ring, to furanose, 5 ring)

A

Glucose-3-P isomerase

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25
Q

Reaction in glycolysis that forms two triose phosphates

A

Aldolase reaction

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26
Q

Reaction in glycolysis that converts an aldose to a ketose

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

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27
Q

Molecule formed from glucose by hexokinase/glucokinase

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

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28
Q

Molecule formed from G-6-P by glucose-6-P isomerase

A

Fructose-6-P

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29
Q

Molecule formed from F-6-P by Phosphofructokinase-1

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

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30
Q

Molecules formed from F-1,6-BP by aldolase

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-P

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31
Q

Molecule formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

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32
Q

Molecule formed from glyceraldehyde-3-P by glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerase

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33
Q

Step in glycolysis that reduces NAD+ to NADH

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

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34
Q

Molecule formed from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase

A

3-phosphoglycerate

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35
Q

Enzyme that converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

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36
Q

Only kinase in glycolysis that is not regulated

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

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37
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Phosphoglycerate kinase reaction

A

Reversible
Not regulated

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38
Q

Reactions/enzymes in glycolysis that generate ATP

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase and Pyruvate kinase

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39
Q

Reactions of glycolysis that require Mg2+

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase-1
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase

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40
Q

Enzyme that converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

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41
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Phosphoglycerate mutase reaction

A

Reversible
Not regulated

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42
Q

Molecule formed from 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase

A

2-Phosphoglycerate

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43
Q

Enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Enolase

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44
Q

Molecule formed from 2-phosphoglycerate by enolase by elimination of water

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

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45
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Enolase

A

Reversible
Not regulated

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46
Q

Enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

A

Pyruvate kinase

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47
Q

Molecule formed from phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase

A

Pyruvate

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48
Q

Reversibility/regulated:
Pyruvate kinase

A

Irreversible
Regulated

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49
Q

Highly exergonic reactions of glycolysis that are essentially irreversible

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

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50
Q

Recessive genetic mutation where RBCs have 5-25% of normal levels of pyruvate kinase, causes a hemolytic anemia

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

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51
Q

Condition that removes the net synthesis of ATP from glycolysis alone due to analog incorporated into glyceraldehyde-3-P instead of phosphate

A

Arsenic poisoning

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52
Q

Arsenate is similar to phosphate and gets incorporated into this molecule

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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53
Q

Arseno analog in glyceraldehyde-3-P is unstable and gets hydrolyzed to this molecule

A

3-phosphoglycerate

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54
Q

White bands that appear on fingernails due to arsenic, thallium, and other heavy metals to a lesser extent

A

Mees lines

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55
Q

Enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

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56
Q

Reversibility of LDH reaction

A

Reversible

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57
Q

Products of LDH reaction

A

Lactate and NAD+

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58
Q

Cells that generate lactate

A

RBC and skeletal muscle

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59
Q

Cells that perform gluconeogenesis by reconverting lactate to pyruvate or glucose

A

Liver

60
Q

Cycle where RBCs/skeletal muscle generate lactate so glycolysis can continue, which is then transported to the liver and reconverted to either pyruvate or glucose

A

Cori cycle

61
Q

Type of cells that must convert pyruvate to lactate in order to produce NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue

A

RBCs (don’t have mitochondria)

62
Q
A
63
Q

Does excess NAD+ or NADH lead to lactic acidosis?

A

Excess NADH

64
Q

Condition caused by excess lactic acid production that can decrease blood pH

A

Lactic acidosis

65
Q

Affect of lactic acidosis on blood pH

A

Decreases

66
Q
A
66
Q

Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde in this cellular location

A

Cytosol

67
Q

Acetaldehyde is converted to acetate in this cellular location

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

Ethanol intoxication results in excessive production of this molecule

A

NADH

69
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that is product inhibited by G-6-P

A

Hexokinase

70
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that is NOT product inhibited by G-6-P

A

Glucokinase

71
Q
A
71
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that is active at very low glucose concentrations

A

Hexokinase

72
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that is regulated by sequestration

A

Glucokinase

73
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that allows glucose to be phosphorylated at very high concentrations

A

Glucokinase

74
Q

Allosteric activators of phosphofructokinase-1

A

AMP
Fructose-2,6-BP

75
Q

Changes in amounts of ATP, ADP, and AMP with exercise

A

ATP decreases
ADP and AMP increase

76
Q

Enzyme that converts 2 ADP molecules to 1 ATP and 1 AMP

A

Adenylate kinase

77
Q

Allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase-1

A

ATP
Citrate

78
Q

Enzyme that controls synthesis and degradation of Fructose-2,6-BP

A

Phosphofructosekinase-2

79
Q

Enzyme subunit that synthesizes Fructose-2,6-BP from fructose-6-P and ATP

A

Phosphofructokinase-2

80
Q

Enzyme subunit that hydrolyzes Fructose-2,6-BP to produce fructose-6-P

A

Fructose-2,6-BPase

81
Q

Dephosphoenzyme subunit of PFK-2

A

PFK-2

82
Q

Phosphoenzyme subunit of PFK-2

A

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase

83
Q

PFK-2 phosphorylation action is regulated by this

A

PKA

84
Q

PFK-2 dephosphorylation action is regulated by this

A

A phosphatase

85
Q

Molecules that stimulate phosphorylation of PFK-2 in the liver, decreasing activity

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

86
Q

PFK-2 regulator molecules that decrease F-2,6-BP levels

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

87
Q

Molecule that stimulates dephosphorylation of PFK-2, increasing activity

A

Insulin

88
Q

PFK-2 regulatory molecule that increases F-2,6-BP levels

A

Insulin

89
Q

Isozymes of pyruvate kinase that are allosterically regulated

A

Liver, kidney, and RBC isozymes

90
Q

Isozyme of pyruvate kinase that is regulated by phosphorylation

A

Liver isozyme

91
Q

Allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase isozymes in liver, kidney, and RBCs

A

Fructose-1,6-BP

92
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A

ATP

93
Q

Molecule that stimulates phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase in the liver, inactivating it

A

Glucagon

94
Q

PFK-2 activity in fed vs fasted states

A

On in fed state
Off in fasted state

95
Q

PFK-1 activity in fed vs fasted states

A

On in fed state
Off in fasted state

96
Q

F-2,6-BPase activity in fed vs fasted states

A

Off in fed state
On in fasted state

97
Q

Rate of glycolysis with low ATP:AMP ratio in muscle

A

Increased

98
Q

Rate of glycolysis with high ATP:AMP ratio in muscle

A

Decreased

99
Q

Cells that do not have glucagon receptors

A

Muscle

100
Q

State of glycolysis at rest

A

Inhibited

101
Q

State of glycolysis during exercise

A

Stimulated

102
Q

PFK-2 isozyme:
Kinase activity is inhibited when phosphorylated
F-2,6-BPase activity is active

A

Liver PFK-2

103
Q

PFK-2 isozyme:
Kinase activity active when phosphorylated via epinephrine mediated activation of AC pathway

A

Cardiac muscle PFK-2

104
Q

PFK-2 isozyme:
Not regulated by phosphorylation
Allosteric activation by F-6-P

A

Skeletal muscle PFK-2

105
Q

Pasteur effect states:

A

Glycolysis slows in the presence of oxygen

106
Q

Less glucose is consumed in what conditions?

A

Aerobic

107
Q

Fructose metabolism primarily occurs here

A

Liver
also kidney and intestine

108
Q

Enzyme that converts fructose to fructose-1-P

A

Fructokinase

109
Q

Fructokinase phosphorylates this location of fructose

A

C-1 -OH

110
Q

Enzyme of the first step of glycolysis that has a high Km

A

Hexokinase

111
Q

Fructokinase bypasses this regulatory step of glycolysis

A

PFK-1 reaction

112
Q

Enzyme that converts fructose-1-P to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

Aldolase B

113
Q

Rate limiting step in fructose metabolism

A

Aldolase B

114
Q

Enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde to glyceraldehyde-3-P

A

Triose kinase

115
Q

Molecule formed from glyceraldehyde by triose kinase

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P

116
Q

Specific liver enzymes for fructose metabolism

A

Fructokinase
Aldolase B
Glyceraldehyde-3-P

117
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates fructose to fructose-6-P in muscle (is very slow due to high Km)

A

Hexokinase

118
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of galactose to galactose-1-P using ATP

A

Galactokinase

119
Q

Products formed from the exchange of Galactose-1-P and UDP-glucose

A

Glucose-1-phosphate
UDP-galactose

120
Q

Enzyme that converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose

A

Epimerase

121
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Gal-1-P + UDP-glucose to UDP-Gal + Glu-1-P, then to G-6-P

A

Gal-1-P Uridylyl transferase (GALT)

122
Q

Condition caused by lack of fructokinase

A

Essential fructosuria

123
Q

Enzyme lacking in essential fructosuria

A

Fructokinase

124
Q

Condition caused by absence of aldolase B, leading to intracellular trapping of Fructose-1-P

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance (fructose poisoning)

125
Q

Enzyme absent in Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Aldolase B

126
Q

Enzyme that converts galactose to galactitol

A

Aldose reductase

127
Q

Galactokinase deficiency caused elevation of this molecule in blood and urine

A

Galactose

128
Q

Elevated galactitol can cause this
E.g. galactokinase deficiency

A

Cataracts

129
Q

Condition where galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) is deficient

A

Classic galactosemia

130
Q

Molecules that accumulate in Classic galactosemia

A

Galactose-1-P and galactitol

131
Q

Enzyme that is physiologically unimportant in galactose metabolism unless galactose levels are high

A

Aldose reductase

132
Q

Cofactor used by aldol reductase to reduct glucose to sorbitol and galactose to galactitol

A

NADPH

133
Q

Aldol reductase reduces glucose to this molecule

A

Sorbitol

134
Q

Aldol reductase reduces galactose to this molecule

A

Galactitol

135
Q

Accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of eye causes cataracts in this condition

A

Diabetes

136
Q

Accumulation of galactitol in the lens of the eye causes cataracts in this condition

A

Galactosemia

137
Q

Enzyme that slowly oxidizes sorbitol to fructose, an important fuel for sperm in seminal vesicles

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

138
Q

Cofactor used by sorbitol dehydrogenase

A

NAD+

139
Q

Molecule produced from sorbitol by sorbitol dehydrogenase and NAD+

A

Fructose

140
Q

Fructose and galactose are initially phosphorylated at this location by liver-specific kinases

A

1 Carbon

141
Q

Action that traps a sugar intracellularly

A

Phosphorylation

142
Q

Genetic mutations in this enzyme of fructose metabolism causes serious consequences

A

Aldolase B

143
Q

Genetic mutations in this enzyme of galactose metabolism causes serious consequences

A

Uridyl transferase

Biochem (21 decks)

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