Overview of pharmacology Flashcards
What information must be printed and typed for a prescription
name of the prescribing physical Patient information Name and strength of the drug quantity of the drug directions for use date signature of prescribing physician
What are the 4 basic parts of a prescription?
Superscription - date when the prescription order is written, the name and address of the patient and the Rx symbol
Inscription: the body of the prescription containing the name and amount or strength of the drug
Subscription - the directions to the pharmacist such as make a solution, mix an place into 10 capsules or dispense 10 tablets.
Signatura- signa in latin. section that contains the directions for use.
What is the process of rational prescribing?
define the patient’s problem Specify the therapeutic objective Treatment selection Prescribe the drug Give the information, instructions and warnings Monitor the treatment
What is pharmacology?
it is the study of drugs and their effects on the body. the goal of it is to understand the mechanism by which drugs interact with biological system to enable the rational use of effective agents in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
What is pharmacokinetic
what the body does to the drug
What is pharmacodynamics
study of what the drug does to the body
What is pharmacotherpaeutics
study of how drugs are used to treat disease
What is toxicology
the study of adverse effects of drugs
What is a drug
- chemical compound used to prevent, diagnose or teat a disease or there abnormal conditions. usually small molecules or endogenous molecules
What do drugs target
enzymes, ion channels, nucleic acids and receptors
What is the FDA
- FDA is the Food and Drug Administration that regulates the EFFICACY, SAFETY AND QUALITY of vaccines and other biological products and medical devices. drug companies seek FDA approval to have the chance to sell the new drug on the market in the US. FDA conducts Preclinical test and clinical trials before letting it go to the market.
What are the steps of the clinical trials
Phase 1 - 50 health people are tested to see the dosage and the safety
Phase 2 - 200 people are tested to see the effectiveness and the safety effects.
Phase 3 - 2000 people are tested to confirm effectiveness and the safety effects
Phase 4 - Post marking after FDA Approval. look at the long term effects along with the combination of it with other drugs and confirm the effectiveness in the population.
What are the routes of drug administration
enteral and parenteral
What is enteral
it is the rely of placing the drug directly i the GI and refer to primarily to oral administration. Oral administration is the primary route due to the cost, the convienience and the rapid drug absorption.
What are the disadvantage of enteral
that is have the first pass effect and that it can cause GI irritation.
What is parenteral
this route is NOT through the GI but refers to the injections
What are the types of injections
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intramuscular
What is intravenous
where a drug is introduce into the bloodstream directly. its either through a single dose or a continuous infusion. THE BEST WAY due to it has an immediate effect but has the GREATEST RISK EFFECTS. 100% bioavailiabilty
What is intramuscular
refers to the injecting a drug in the skeletal muscle. this is preferred when the solution is a large amount. the effectiveness depends on the blood supply to the muscle.
What is subcutaneous
refers to when the drug is place under the skin. its absorption is slow and constant but limited by blood flow
What is intradermal
refers to when the drug is inject int the dermal layer of skin. very similar to the SC.
What are the types of mucosal administration
buccal, ocular, vaginal, rectal , nasal, pulmonary, sublinginal
What are tablets
contain dried powdered active drug as well as binders and fillers to provide bulk and proper size.
What are the types of tables
Scored tablets enteric tablets time released tablets Caplets Lozenges
What are capsules
easy to swallow
What are the forms of capsules
soft gelatin and hard shell
What are emulsion
creams that are is a semisolid emulsion of oil and water main ingredient water. emulsifying agent added to stabilize the mixture.
What are the types
oil in water and water in oil
