Cardio Drugs 1 Flashcards
What is hypertension
is a condition in which the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure. BP is the force of blood agains blood vessels walls. the higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump.
What are the classifications of HP
Essential or secondary
What is essential Hypertension
it is high blood pressure without a direct cause
What is secondary Hypertension
it is there is a know cause like kidney disease, tumors or birth control pills
How is blood pressure determine by
by the force and the amount of blood pumped and the size and flexibility of the arteries
What are some of the risk factors of BP
Smoking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activty, AA, High level of salt intake, Vitamin D, high levels of alcohol consumption, stress,agining , meds, history, chronic kidney disease
How can you test BP
urine test, blood cell count ECG
What happens if Hypertension goes untreated
Stroke, Eye damage, Blood vessel damage, heart attack or failure and kidney failure
What is the treatment for Hypertension
monitoring, meds, lifestyle changes or a combination of all
What are some of the meds for Hypertension
beta blockers, diuretics, potassium replacements, calcium channels blockers and ACE inhibitors
What are inducers of High Blood Pressure
alcohol, amphetamines, cocain,cortcosteroids, cyclsporine,erythropoietin, estrogen, TCA, migraine medication and nasal decongestants
What is the proximal tubule
it is where there is 40% of reabsorption filtered salt and 60% of filtered water. it is a major site for sodium carbonate reabsorption that needs the sodium proton exchanger and carbonic anhydrase.
what inhibits the sodium carbonate?
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
What is the loop of henle?
it is the descending limb that is permeable to water as it moves by osmosis. it reabsorbs NAcL and KCl through the Na-K symport.
How does Ca and Mg get reabsorbed
through the Na-K sport and the sodium pump working together
What is distal convolute tubule?
it absorbs about 10% of the NaCL from the Na-Cl symport
What in inhibits the NaCl symport?
thiazides
What inhibits the Na-K symport
loop diuretics
What is the collecting duct?
it is the final site for NaCl reabsorption of about 2 to 5 %. the sodium that is reabsorbed is regulated by aldosterone
What is inhibits aldosterone?
aldosterone antagonists
What are diuretics
drugs that increase the production of urine by interfering with normal tubular processes in the kidney. used to decrease blood volume (preload and the afterload)
When should you use diuretics?
heart Failures, Edema, Polycystic ovary syndrome, kidney stone, Diabetes Insipidus, male pattern hair growth in women and osteoporosis
What are thiazide diuretics?
Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, Indapamide, Metozalone
What is the mechanism of thiazide?
the work at the distal convoluted tubule, Block the transport of Na and Cl, cause loss of Na,K Cl, Mg and spare calcium.
When do you use Thiazide Diuretics?
to treat edema, hypertension, nephrolithiasis, and diabetes insipidus
What are the loop diuretics?
Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide and Ethacrynic acid. they are the most powerful of the diuretics and work on the ascending loop of the Henle
When is loop diuretic used?
to treat peripheral edema, CHF, Hypercalcemia, Pulmonary Edema and Hyperkalemia
What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Acetazolamide, dochlorphenamide, Methazolamide, and Dorzolamide
What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the membrane and the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. the primary site of action is the proximal tubules
When is carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used?
Glaucoma, cystinuria, excretions or uric acid, metabolic alkalosis and high altitude sickness
What are osmotic diuretics?
is a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and Na. They are pharmacologically inert substances that are given intravenously. They increase the osmolarity of blood and renal filtrate
What are examples of the osmotic diuretics?
Glycerin, Isosorbide, Mannitol and urea
What is the mechanism of acton for osmotic diuretics?
they are substance that are not effectively reabsorbed. thy increase osmolarity of plasma and tubular fluid. the force prevents water reabsorption and acts on the proximal tubule.
When do you use osmotic diuretics?
to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma, increase urine volume in patients with acute renal failure, oliguric states
What are examples of K sparing drugs?
tramteren and amiloride.
What is the mechanism of action for K sparing?
work on the late distal tubule and collecting duct to block reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium
When do you use K-sparing?
CHF, Hypokalemia, peripheral Edema, hyperaldosteronism and antiandrogenic effects
What are aldosterone antagonist examples?
spironolactone, Eplerenone
What is the mechanism of action?
it depends on the aldosterone action on the kidneys
What is efficacy?
shows relative amount of excretion of different ions and water. loop diuretics cause the greatest amount of excretion of sedum and water.
What is the greatest excretion of potassium?
Acetazolamide
What is the function of ADH?
to help wit the treatment of Diabetes Insipidus and enuresis ( inability to control urination). they do this by adh or vasopressin retains water in the body and to constricts blood vessels
What are the agonist of ADH?
desmopressin
What are the antagonist of ADH?
Conivaptan and tovaptan that compete for the receptors. they are used to treat SIADH
