Cardio Drugs 2

Question 1

What are alpha blockers?

Answer 1

They block the alpha 1 adrenergic receptors. Alpha blockers, also called alpha-adrenergic antagonists, treat a variety of conditions, such as high blood pressure, benign prostatic hyperplasia and Raynaud’s disease.

Question 2

What are alpha blockers used for often?

Answer 2

BPH

Question 3

What does Alpha blockers do?

Answer 3

They increase vasodilation and reduce peripheral resistance

Question 4

What are examples of alpha blockers?

Answer 4

Doxazosin, Terazosin

Question 5

What are beta blockers?

Answer 5

Beta blockers (β-blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, or beta adrenergic receptor antagonists) are a class of drugs that are particularly used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, protecting the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) after a first heart attack (secondary prevention),[1] and, in certain cases, hypertension.[2][3]Beta blockers block the action of endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) -in particular on adrenergic beta receptors, of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response.[4][5] Some block all activation of β-adrenergic receptors and others are selective.

Question 6

What are examples of non specific beta blockers?

Answer 6

Propranolol, Nadolol

Question 7

What are examples of beta 2 specific blockers?

Answer 7

Celiprolol, Nevdiolol

Question 8

What are examples of Beta 1 specific blockers?

Answer 8

Atenolol and Metorolol

Question 9

What are the cardiac effects of beta blockers:

Answer 9

decrease isotropy, chronotropy, dormitory, bathmotropy

Question 10

What are the renal effects of beta blockers:

Answer 10

Decrease in renin secretion

Question 11

What is renin?

Answer 11

Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an enzyme that participates in the body’s renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis—that mediates extracellular volume (i.e., that of the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Thus, it regulates the body’s mean arterial blood pressure.
Renin is often improperly referred to as a hormone even though it has no peripheral receptors and rather has an enzymatic activity with which it hydrolyses angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE, the angiotensin-converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels, increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure. Renin’s primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys.

Question 12

What is angiotensin II?

Answer 12

Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone, another hormone, from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up.
it increase TPR, Preload, Afterload and Decrease RBF

Question 13

What are the angiotensin receptor Blockers?

Answer 13

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that block the action of angiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood pressure is reduced

Question 14

What are examples of angitension receptor blockers?

Answer 14

Candersartan, Losartan, Valsartan and Irbesartan. the side effects are cough and edema and doesn’t block degradation of Bradykinin

Question 15

What are side effects of beta blockers?

Answer 15

bradycardia, fatigue, insomnia importance, can disturb lipid profile with increasing LDL and triglycerides, rebound hypertension if stopped abruptly. used with caution in asthma and diabetes

Question 16

What is Ace inhibitors?

Answer 16

An angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and congestive heart failure.This group of drugs cause relaxation of blood vessels, as well as a decreased blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure and decreased oxygen demand from the heart. They inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, an important component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include perindopril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril.

Question 17

What are common Ace inhibitors?

Answer 17

perindopril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril, enalapril

Question 18

What are some of the side effects of ace inhibitors?

Answer 18

cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, acute renal failure, skin rash, fatigue, dizziness, headaches and rapid heart beat.

Question 19

What are calcium channel blockers?

Answer 19

are several medications that disrupt the movement of calcium (Ca2+) through calcium channels.[2] Calcium channel blockers are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. it functions at the peripheral blood vessels.

Question 20

What are the two classes of CCB?

Answer 20

Dihydropyridines and Non-Dihydropyridines

Question 21

What are the dihydropyridines?

Answer 21

There function on the peripheral bloods and causes reflex tachycardia to increase oxygen consumption, vascular relaxation and decrease TPR. examples are Nifedipine, Amlodipine, nicardipine and felodipine

Question 22

What are the non-dihydropyridines?

Answer 22

they function on the mycardium, decrease inotropy, chronotropy and dromotropy. Diltiazem and verapamil. Cause headaches, dizziness and edema

Question 23

Sympatholytic agents:

Answer 23

Sympathomimetic drugs are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of agonists of the sympathetic nervous system such as the catecholamines. (epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine, etc.) Sympathomimetic drugs are used to treat cardiac arrest and low blood pressure, or even delay premature labor, among other things.These drugs can act through several mechanisms, such as directly activating postsynaptic receptors, blocking breakdown and reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, or stimulating production and release of catecholamines. There are 2 types: central acting and adrenergic neuron blockers

Question 24

Central acting agent are?

Answer 24

Clonidine, alpha methyldopa and guanabenz

Question 25

Adrenergic neuron blockers:

Answer 25

reserpine, guanethidine and guanadrel

Question 26

What is Clondine?

Answer 26

an alpha 2 agonist that inhibits the adrenergic outflow fro the CNS. it decreases stroke volume and Cardic Output

Question 27

What is alpha methyldopa?

Answer 27

prodrug metabolized to alpha methyl NE that inhibits sympathetic outflow from the CNS and decrease preload and heart rate. side effects are dry mouth, Parkinsonian signs, Hyperprolactinemia, hepatotoxicity

Question 28

What is Guanabenz?

Answer 28

it is an alpha 2 agonist that inhibits the adrenergic outflow from the CNS. it functions in the decrease of CO and Systemic vascular resistance. they side effects are sedation, dizziness,dry mouth, headache and fatigue

Question 29

What is reserpine?

Answer 29

inhibitions the function of Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons by binding to NE storage vesicle in nerve terminal. depletion of NTS NE and Dopamine. it also decrease in CO and SVR. its side effects are depression, sedation and difficulty with concentration

Question 30

What is ganethidine and guanadrel?

Answer 30

it inhibits the function of the post ganglionic sympathetic neurons by making for NE repute and replaces NE in synaptic vesicles. it function in decreasing CO and Reflex sympathetic activity and causes for postsynaptic supersenstivity. sides are Orthostasis, sexual dysfunction and diarrhea.