other stuff i need to know

Question 1

steps of ottos experiment

Answer 1

vagus nerve of frog heart is stimulated

fluid is transferred from first to second container

recording from frog heart 1 shows decreased rate of beating after stimulation

the recording from frog heart 2 also decreases

the conclusion is that the message is a chemical released by the nerve

Question 2

presynaptic membrane

Answer 2

encloses molecules that transmit chemical messages

Question 3

synaptic cleft

Answer 3

small space separating presynaptic terminal and post synaptic dendritic spine

Question 4

postsynaptic membrane

Answer 4

contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages

Question 5

microtubule

Answer 5

transport structure that carries substances to the axon terminal

Question 6

mitochondrion

Answer 6

organelle that provides the cell with energy

Question 7

synaptic vesicle

Answer 7

round grandule that contains neurotransmitter

Question 8

storage grandule

Answer 8

large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles

Question 9

postsynaptic receptor

Answer 9

site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds

Question 10

Subcategory of amine NTs

Answer 10

Catecholamine

Question 11

Catecholamine enzyme process

Answer 11

Tyrosine
L dopa
Dopamine
Norepinephrine 
Epinephrine

Question 12

The idea that a neuron only had one NT

Answer 12

Sales principle

Question 13

What is responsible for most synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system

Answer 13

Chemical synapses

Question 14

What is the process called that releases NT

Answer 14

Exocytosis

Question 15

Ionotropic

Answer 15

Transmitter gated ion channels

Question 16

Metabotropic

Answer 16

G protein gated ion channel

Question 17

Basic Steps of G protein gated ion channel

Answer 17

Primary transmitter goes into receptor

Internal second messenger activated

Goes into second messenger receptor

Question 18

How is catecholamine structured

Answer 18

It has a catecholamine and a side chain amine

Question 19

How are secretory vesicles transported

Answer 19

Through axoplasmic transport

Question 20

Amino acid/ amine synthesis

Answer 20

Enzymes convert precursor molecule in the cytosol

Transported proteins load NT into synaptic vesicle in the terminal where they are stored

Question 21

What are the two pathways of the dopaminergic system

Answer 21

Nigrostriatial pathways

Mesolimbic pathways

Question 22

What are nigrostriatial pathways used for

Answer 22

Active in maintaining normal motor behavior

Loss of da is related to Parkinson’s

Question 23

What is the mesolimbic system used for

Answer 23

Feeling of reward and pleasure

The neurotransmitter system most to be affected by drugs

(Increase in DA may be related to schitzophrenia)

Question 24

What neurotransmitter system is most affected by addictive drugs

Answer 24

Mesolimbic pathway

Question 25

What combo of drugs is better than oxy

Answer 25

Acetaminophen (500 mg) Ibuprophen (200 mg)

Question 26

Structure of capillaries in the brain

Answer 26

They are not leaky and have tight junctions Covered with astrocyte feet This prevents materials from moving in and out easily Basis of blood brain barrier

Question 27

Structure of capillaries in the body

Answer 27

Leaky and have few tight junctions

Question 28

What kinds of molecules are able to pass endothelial cells membrane (bbb)

Answer 28

Small uncharged molecules

Question 29

What kinds of molecules are able to be carried across bbb by active transport

Answer 29

Amino acids Glucose Fats

Question 30

What is the effect of a sedative hypnotic as the dose gets higher

Answer 30

It inhibits too much and can cause coma and death

Question 31

What enhances the binding effects of gaba

Answer 31

Benzodiapines

Question 32

What acts like gaba and causes increase of chloride conductance?

Answer 32

Barbiturates and alcohol

Question 33

Can you take benzos and barbiturates/alcohol together

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Does gaba have multiple sites to bind to

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

How does naltrexone fight addiction

Answer 35

It disrupts dopamine reward system It’s an antagonist used to fight opioid and alcohol cravings Works on mesolimbic system

Question 36

What do stimulants do

Answer 36

I’m increase motor behavior and elevate a persons mood and level of alterness

Question 37

Drugs that cause a general increase in the metabolic activity of cells

Answer 37

Stimulants

Question 38

What do psychedelics do

Answer 38

Alter sensory perception and cognitive process

Question 39

Acetylcholine psychedelic

Answer 39

Atropine