other stuff i need to know Flashcards
steps of ottos experiment
vagus nerve of frog heart is stimulated
fluid is transferred from first to second container
recording from frog heart 1 shows decreased rate of beating after stimulation
the recording from frog heart 2 also decreases
the conclusion is that the message is a chemical released by the nerve
presynaptic membrane
encloses molecules that transmit chemical messages
synaptic cleft
small space separating presynaptic terminal and post synaptic dendritic spine
postsynaptic membrane
contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages
microtubule
transport structure that carries substances to the axon terminal
mitochondrion
organelle that provides the cell with energy
synaptic vesicle
round grandule that contains neurotransmitter
storage grandule
large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles
postsynaptic receptor
site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds
Subcategory of amine NTs
Catecholamine
Catecholamine enzyme process
Tyrosine L dopa Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine
The idea that a neuron only had one NT
Sales principle
What is responsible for most synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system
Chemical synapses
What is the process called that releases NT
Exocytosis
Ionotropic
Transmitter gated ion channels
Metabotropic
G protein gated ion channel
Basic Steps of G protein gated ion channel
Primary transmitter goes into receptor
Internal second messenger activated
Goes into second messenger receptor
How is catecholamine structured
It has a catecholamine and a side chain amine
How are secretory vesicles transported
Through axoplasmic transport
Amino acid/ amine synthesis
Enzymes convert precursor molecule in the cytosol
Transported proteins load NT into synaptic vesicle in the terminal where they are stored
What are the two pathways of the dopaminergic system
Nigrostriatial pathways
Mesolimbic pathways
What are nigrostriatial pathways used for
Active in maintaining normal motor behavior
Loss of da is related to Parkinson’s
What is the mesolimbic system used for
Feeling of reward and pleasure
The neurotransmitter system most to be affected by drugs
(Increase in DA may be related to schitzophrenia)
What neurotransmitter system is most affected by addictive drugs
Mesolimbic pathway
What combo of drugs is better than oxy
Acetaminophen (500 mg)
Ibuprophen (200 mg)
Structure of capillaries in the brain
They are not leaky and have tight junctions
Covered with astrocyte feet
This prevents materials from moving in and out easily
Basis of blood brain barrier
Structure of capillaries in the body
Leaky and have few tight junctions
What kinds of molecules are able to pass endothelial cells membrane (bbb)
Small uncharged molecules
What kinds of molecules are able to be carried across bbb by active transport
Amino acids
Glucose
Fats
What is the effect of a sedative hypnotic as the dose gets higher
It inhibits too much and can cause coma and death
What enhances the binding effects of gaba
Benzodiapines
What acts like gaba and causes increase of chloride conductance?
Barbiturates and alcohol
Can you take benzos and barbiturates/alcohol together
No
Does gaba have multiple sites to bind to
Yes
How does naltrexone fight addiction
It disrupts dopamine reward system
It’s an antagonist used to fight opioid and alcohol cravings
Works on mesolimbic system
What do stimulants do
I’m increase motor behavior and elevate a persons mood and level of alterness
Drugs that cause a general increase in the metabolic activity of cells
Stimulants
What do psychedelics do
Alter sensory perception and cognitive process
Acetylcholine psychedelic
Atropine
