chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
on the ventral side of skull, there is more risk for damage because..
A
divots and holes. sensitive part of brain
2
Q
main issue with concussions…
A
pressure
3
Q
contra coup hit
A
when you get hit on one side of the head and the brain gets injured on the opposite side
4
Q
why are circles used to carve into skulls
A
symmetry, it won’t all out
5
Q
ventricular system
A
fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain. its extension of neural tube.
gives nutrients to brain
6
Q
hollow ball of cells
A
blastula (this is how humans are formed)
7
Q
endoderm turns into
A
internal organs
8
Q
mesoderm
A
bones and muscle
9
Q
i you dont seal up on bottom side
A
spineadephia
10
Q
if you dont heal up on top side…
A
anasephly
11
Q
neurotubes form into
A
brain and spinal cord
12
Q
know mammalian brain
A
enter pic here
13
Q
dermatomes
A
what the strip of skin that spinal root is linked to
14
Q
hindbrain controls..
A
homeostasis. it controls our physiological needs
15
Q
cerebellum means..
A
little brain
16
Q
what species have the largest cerebellum
A
humans and birds
17
Q
cerebellum controls.
A
accuracy, luidity of fine motor movement, and balance
18
Q
taxion
A
disruption of motor function to do goal directed behavior
19
Q
midbrains purpose helps with..
A
visual orientation (helps with peripheral vision)
20
Q
pons
A
allows for better communication with cerebellum
21
Q
reticulatar formation
A
a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.
22
Q
tectum
A
means roof. it”s in midbrain
23
Q
what are the two “textum roofs”
A
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
24
Q
what is the super colliculi for
A
visual orienting
25
what is the inferior colliculi for
auditory
26
what is the purpose of the midbrain
to keep us safe
27
floor of midbrain
tegmentum (motor reflexes)
28
what is tegmentum used for
motor reflexes
29
what is the moto reflex used for (when babies fall)
to make you bigger so mom can grab you
30
test used for infant reflexes
apgar
31
thalmus looks like..
big lump on brain stem
32
what part of brain regulates pubetry
hypothalmus
33
hypothalamus releases..
hormones and oxytocin
34
what hormone is the mediator of prejudice
oxytocin
35
hypothalamus sends messages to..
pituitary
36
hypothalamus does what to hearing / seeing
enhances it
37
where vision is processed
lateral geniculate nucleus
38
limbic system allows for..
shortcuts for intuitive responses
39
what parts of the forebrain supports emotions, learning and movement?
limbic system and basal ganglia
40
what does basal ganglia mean
bottom and clump of cell bodies
41
gyrus/gyri means..
bump
42
sulcus/sulci means...
crack
43
longitudinal fissure
separates left and right parts of the brain
44
part of brain with internal map
parietal lobe
45
contact mediated attraction/contact mediated repulsion
how cells move toward/ move away from certain things
46
whats the first stage of wiring the brain
generation of neurons from the neural tube
47
steps of wiring the brain
neurogenesis
migration
differentiation
48
what trimester does neurogenesis occur
first trimester
49
what trimester does cell differentiation happen
second
50
what trimester does neuronal maturation happen
third
51
why is there so much neurogenesis happen in first trimester
an increase in human growth factor
52
stages of cell types/maturation
stem
progenitor
blast
specialized
53
two types of blast cells
neural and glial
54
arboration
when neurons are trying to connect to ll cells (arborize-uncontrolled growth)
55
what predisposes cells to migrate to certain cortical locations
subvascular zone
56
what distinctly differentiates the cortex's cellular makeup?
organized into layers and grows off of subvacular zone
57
what acts like a scaffold for new neurons
glial
58
ventricles are what part of the brain?
the empty spaces
59
what happens during further differentiation
when cells reach their destination they go from precursor to neuron
they extend their axons to find appropriate target
60
what begins differentiation
neurites sprouting off cell body
61
when is the neurons fate determined
before migration
62
what does architecture depend on
intercellular signals
63
optic chiasm
where neurons cross left and right eyes
64
steps of making connections
pathway selection
target selection
address selection
65
axons and dendritic process appear_____
similar. they are both called neurites in cell differentiation
66
what is the growing tip called
growth cone
67
what did hubel and wiesel work on (and got nobel prize)
ocular dominance (whether neurons go to contralateral vs ipsilateral) it showed how cats only respond to certain angels/placements depending on what they were exposed to during the critical period
68
od
right eye
69
os
left eye
70
when do we become accustomed to new angles
critical period/critical wiring
71
motor visual recalibrations
adjusting speed of walking to make vision go at certain speed
72
synapse formation in cna steps
insert pic here
73
part of brain when you make analogies
temporal parietal junction
74
booba vs keke is based off of..
acceleration in TPJ
75
basis of synesthesia is located in..
temporal partiaa junction
76
steps of brain plasticy
arborization
pruning
(neurons that fire together wire together)
77
what parts of the brain myelinate last
frontal
| parietal
78
Basic organization plan of CNS of call mammals
```
Telencephalon
Diencephalon (thalamus)
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord
```
79
Rostal most and largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
80
What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by
Sagittarius fissure
81
The berebellum contains as many neurons as____
Both cerebral hemispheres combined
82
Difference between hemispheres of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
Cerebellum-left side controls left side of body and right controls right
83
Function of brain stem
Relay information from cerebrum to start unaltered ford and cerebellum and Vice Versa
Also where vital functions are regulated (body temp, breathing, consciousness)
Most primitive part of brain.
84
Central nervous system
Part of nervous system that is encased in bone
Spinal cord and brain
85
Parts of the central nervous system
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal chord
86
How does the spinal cord communicate with rest of body? What are they part of?
Hey though spinal nerves which are part of PNS
| Two spinal nerves are dorsal and ventral
87
What are the two spinal roots?
Dorsal and central (enter pic here)
88
Two parts of PNS
Somatic pns and visceral pns
89
Somatic pns
Spinal nerves that inner age the skin joints and muscles that are under voluntary control
90
Somatic motor axons
Command muscle contraction derived from motor neurons in central spinal cord
Cell bodies of motor neurons lie within CNS and their axons are in PNS
91
Dorsal root ganglion
Cell body of somatic sensory axons. They lie outside spinal cord
Somatic sensory axons collect information from skin muscles and joints
92
Somatic sensory axons
Innervate and collect info from skin, muscles, joints and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root
93
Visceral pns
Also called autonomic nervous system. Consist of neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
94
Afferent vs efferent axons
Afferent-carry efferent-Cary from
| Indicates weather axons are carrying information toward of from a particular point
95
How many cranial nerves are there
12
They each have a name and number
Some are part of CNS and others are part of PNS
96
Where do cranial nerves arise from
Brainstem and innervate mostly the head
97
Do cranial nerves only have one kind of axon
No
98
Protective layers that make sure brain does not come into direct c bract with bone
Meningies
99
How many meme goes are there? What are they?
3
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
100
Outermost covering menengie
Dura mater (means hard mother) has leather like consistency.
Forms tough inelastic bag that surrounds BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
101
Meningie beneath dura mater. Tell me about it
Arachnoid membrane
(Greek work from spider) resembles spider web
There is no space between dura and arachnoid
102
What happens if blood vessels from dura rupture, how is it treated?
Blood can collect in between dura and arachnoid (this is called subdural hematoma)
Buildup of fluid in this can disrupt brain function by compressing parts of CNS
Fixed by drilling a hole in skull and draining the blood
103
Buildup of fluid in subdural space
Subdural hematoma. Caused by rupture of dura mater
Treated by drilling a hole in skull and draining blood
104
Pia mater
One of the menengies
Thin membrane that adhere closely to the surface of the brain
Marin many blood vessels that ultimately dive into substance of underlying brain
Separated from arachnoid by fluid filled space
105
What is the pia mater separated by
Fluid filled space called SUBARACHNOID (filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid)
106
Salty clear liquid that brain floats inside of
Cerebrospinal fluid
107
Enter pic of menengies
Pic here
108
Fluid filled caverns and canals inside of brain
Ventricular system
Contains cerebral spinal fluid
109
What fluid is used in ventricular system
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
110
What is CSF produced by
Choroid plexus (a special tissue in the ventricles of the cerebral hemisphere)
111
How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space
Small openings near where cerebellum attaches to the brain stem
112
What is CSF absorbed by
Arachnoid villi
113
Hydrocyphalus
When CSF is backed up
Causes brain swelling
More serious in adults than babies since skull cannot expand
Causes severe headache and caused by distention of nerve endings in the menengies
Treatment consist of inserting tube to drain fluid
114
Clarity
New method to study the brain
Sick brain in solution that repels light absorbing lipids with a water soluable gel
Reveals location of cells deep in the brain
Exposed neurons express green fluorescent protein
115
Uses information about hydrogen atoms in the brain that respond to perturbations of sting magnetic field
MRI
116
Computed tomography (CT)
Uses c rays
Showed organization of white and grey matter and position of ventricles
117
Pet and fmri
Detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain
118
How does the embryo begin
It’s a flat disc with three distinct layers
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
119
Endoderm
Lining of many internal organs
120
Mesoderm
Bones of skeleton and muscles
121
Ectoderm
Nervous system and skin
122
Neural plate
Changes in part of ectoderm that give rise to nervous system
Early stage of humans (17 days old) that consist only a flat sheet of shells
123
Formation of neural tube and neural crest
Begins as a then sheet of ectoderm
Forms neural groove
Walls of groove (called neural folds) come together and fuse forming the NEURAL TUBE
buts of neural ectoderm that are pinched off when tube rolls up is called the NEURAL CREST (where pns develops) (somites are mesoderm)
ENTER PIC
124
When neural tube folds together, some of the ectoderm is pinched off and comes to lie lateral to neural tube..this is called
Neural crest
125
Where are all neurons within cell body derived from
Neural crest
126
Process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube
Neurulation
Happens about 22 days after conception
127
Process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development
Differentiation
128
What is the brain derived from
The three primary vesicles of the neural tube (the first step in differentiation of the brain happens at the ROSTAL end and develops the primary vesicles)
129
Three primary vesicles
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
(Enter pic here)
130
The forebrain vesicles sprout off secondary vesicles which are
Optic vesicle
Telencephalic vesicle
131
Central structure that remains after security nasty vesicles sprout off forebrain
Diemcephalon
132
Where do optic nerves and retinas come from
The optic vesicle (it folds in to form optic stalks and optic cups)
These then become the optic nerves and the retinas
133
Telencephalon
Also called endbrain
CONSIST OF TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
134
How do olfactory bulbs develop
Sprout off ventricles that are on ventricle surfaces of cerebral hemispheres
135
Where are white and grey matter developed
Telencephalon
136
What is key landmark in adult brain
Paired lateral ventricles(fluid filled space within cerebral hemispheres)
Thirds ventricle (fluid filled space at center of diencephalon)
137
Corticle white matter
Contains all Axons that run to and from neurons in cerebral cortex
It’s continuous to the internal capsule
138
Internal capsule
Links cortex within the brain stem, particularly the thalamus
139
Why is the thalamus referred to gateway to cerebral cortex
Sensory pathways relays in the thalamus
Thalamus sends axons to internal capsule (internal capsule is where cross starts to happen)
140
Cortical neurons
Received sensory information and forms perception of outside world
Commands voluntary movements
Send axons through internal capsule back to the brain stem
Communicate with basal ganglia
141
Damage to basal ganglia results in
Disrupting the ability of voluntary movement
Corticle neurons also communicate with neurons of basal ganglia
142
Hypothalmus
Controls autonomic (visceral) nervous system
Primitive functions-heart rate, blood flow, motivates animals for food, drink and sex drive
Controls fight or flight response
Directs bodily responses via pituitary gland
143
Parts of midbrain
Tectum (derived from dorsal surface of midbrain vesicle)
144
Cerebral aqueduct
Constricts CSF (narrow channel)
Connects rostal with third ventricle of the diencephalon
Good landmarker for identifying midbrain
145
Two parts of the tectum
Superior culliculus
| Inferior colliculus
146
Superior colliculus is also called..
Optic tectum
147
Optic tectum (superior colliculus)
Controls eye movements
148
Three important structures in the hindbrain
Pons
Medula oblongata
Cerebellum
149
CSF tube in hindbrain becomes..
Fourth ventricle
150
Why are the major white matter systems on each side of the medula called medullary pyramids
When cut in cross section, these bundles of axons appear somewhat triangular in shape
