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Neuroscience > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

on the ventral side of skull, there is more risk for damage because..

A

divots and holes. sensitive part of brain

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2
Q

main issue with concussions…

A

pressure

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3
Q

contra coup hit

A

when you get hit on one side of the head and the brain gets injured on the opposite side

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4
Q

why are circles used to carve into skulls

A

symmetry, it won’t all out

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5
Q

ventricular system

A

fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain. its extension of neural tube.

gives nutrients to brain

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6
Q

hollow ball of cells

A

blastula (this is how humans are formed)

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7
Q

endoderm turns into

A

internal organs

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

bones and muscle

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9
Q

i you dont seal up on bottom side

A

spineadephia

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10
Q

if you dont heal up on top side…

A

anasephly

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11
Q

neurotubes form into

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

know mammalian brain

A

enter pic here

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13
Q

dermatomes

A

what the strip of skin that spinal root is linked to

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14
Q

hindbrain controls..

A

homeostasis. it controls our physiological needs

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15
Q

cerebellum means..

A

little brain

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16
Q

what species have the largest cerebellum

A

humans and birds

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17
Q

cerebellum controls.

A

accuracy, luidity of fine motor movement, and balance

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18
Q

taxion

A

disruption of motor function to do goal directed behavior

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19
Q

midbrains purpose helps with..

A

visual orientation (helps with peripheral vision)

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20
Q

pons

A

allows for better communication with cerebellum

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21
Q

reticulatar formation

A

a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.

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22
Q

tectum

A

means roof. it”s in midbrain

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23
Q

what are the two “textum roofs”

A

superior colliculi

inferior colliculi

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24
Q

what is the super colliculi for

A

visual orienting

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25
Q

what is the inferior colliculi for

A

auditory

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the midbrain

A

to keep us safe

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27
Q

floor of midbrain

A

tegmentum (motor reflexes)

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28
Q

what is tegmentum used for

A

motor reflexes

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29
Q

what is the moto reflex used for (when babies fall)

A

to make you bigger so mom can grab you

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30
Q

test used for infant reflexes

A

apgar

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31
Q

thalmus looks like..

A

big lump on brain stem

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32
Q

what part of brain regulates pubetry

A

hypothalmus

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33
Q

hypothalamus releases..

A

hormones and oxytocin

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34
Q

what hormone is the mediator of prejudice

A

oxytocin

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35
Q

hypothalamus sends messages to..

A

pituitary

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36
Q

hypothalamus does what to hearing / seeing

A

enhances it

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37
Q

where vision is processed

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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38
Q

limbic system allows for..

A

shortcuts for intuitive responses

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39
Q

what parts of the forebrain supports emotions, learning and movement?

A

limbic system and basal ganglia

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40
Q

what does basal ganglia mean

A

bottom and clump of cell bodies

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41
Q

gyrus/gyri means..

A

bump

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42
Q

sulcus/sulci means…

A

crack

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43
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates left and right parts of the brain

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44
Q

part of brain with internal map

A

parietal lobe

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45
Q

contact mediated attraction/contact mediated repulsion

A

how cells move toward/ move away from certain things

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46
Q

whats the first stage of wiring the brain

A

generation of neurons from the neural tube

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47
Q

steps of wiring the brain

A

neurogenesis
migration
differentiation

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48
Q

what trimester does neurogenesis occur

A

first trimester

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49
Q

what trimester does cell differentiation happen

A

second

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50
Q

what trimester does neuronal maturation happen

A

third

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51
Q

why is there so much neurogenesis happen in first trimester

A

an increase in human growth factor

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52
Q

stages of cell types/maturation

A

stem
progenitor
blast
specialized

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53
Q

two types of blast cells

A

neural and glial

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54
Q

arboration

A

when neurons are trying to connect to ll cells (arborize-uncontrolled growth)

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55
Q

what predisposes cells to migrate to certain cortical locations

A

subvascular zone

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56
Q

what distinctly differentiates the cortex’s cellular makeup?

A

organized into layers and grows off of subvacular zone

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57
Q

what acts like a scaffold for new neurons

A

glial

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58
Q

ventricles are what part of the brain?

A

the empty spaces

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59
Q

what happens during further differentiation

A

when cells reach their destination they go from precursor to neuron

they extend their axons to find appropriate target

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60
Q

what begins differentiation

A

neurites sprouting off cell body

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61
Q

when is the neurons fate determined

A

before migration

62
Q

what does architecture depend on

A

intercellular signals

63
Q

optic chiasm

A

where neurons cross left and right eyes

64
Q

steps of making connections

A

pathway selection
target selection
address selection

65
Q

axons and dendritic process appear_____

A

similar. they are both called neurites in cell differentiation

66
Q

what is the growing tip called

A

growth cone

67
Q

what did hubel and wiesel work on (and got nobel prize)

A

ocular dominance (whether neurons go to contralateral vs ipsilateral) it showed how cats only respond to certain angels/placements depending on what they were exposed to during the critical period

68
Q

od

A

right eye

69
Q

os

A

left eye

70
Q

when do we become accustomed to new angles

A

critical period/critical wiring

71
Q

motor visual recalibrations

A

adjusting speed of walking to make vision go at certain speed

72
Q

synapse formation in cna steps

A

insert pic here

73
Q

part of brain when you make analogies

A

temporal parietal junction

74
Q

booba vs keke is based off of..

A

acceleration in TPJ

75
Q

basis of synesthesia is located in..

A

temporal partiaa junction

76
Q

steps of brain plasticy

A

arborization
pruning
(neurons that fire together wire together)

77
Q

what parts of the brain myelinate last

A

frontal

parietal

78
Q

Basic organization plan of CNS of call mammals

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon (thalamus)
Midbrain 
Hindbrain 
Spinal cord
79
Q

Rostal most and largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

80
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by

A

Sagittarius fissure

81
Q

The berebellum contains as many neurons as____

A

Both cerebral hemispheres combined

82
Q

Difference between hemispheres of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

A

Cerebellum-left side controls left side of body and right controls right

83
Q

Function of brain stem

A

Relay information from cerebrum to start unaltered ford and cerebellum and Vice Versa

Also where vital functions are regulated (body temp, breathing, consciousness)

Most primitive part of brain.

84
Q

Central nervous system

A

Part of nervous system that is encased in bone

Spinal cord and brain

85
Q

Parts of the central nervous system

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal chord

86
Q

How does the spinal cord communicate with rest of body? What are they part of?

A

Hey though spinal nerves which are part of PNS

Two spinal nerves are dorsal and ventral

87
Q

What are the two spinal roots?

A

Dorsal and central (enter pic here)

88
Q

Two parts of PNS

A

Somatic pns and visceral pns

89
Q

Somatic pns

A

Spinal nerves that inner age the skin joints and muscles that are under voluntary control

90
Q

Somatic motor axons

A

Command muscle contraction derived from motor neurons in central spinal cord

Cell bodies of motor neurons lie within CNS and their axons are in PNS

91
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Cell body of somatic sensory axons. They lie outside spinal cord

Somatic sensory axons collect information from skin muscles and joints

92
Q

Somatic sensory axons

A

Innervate and collect info from skin, muscles, joints and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root

93
Q

Visceral pns

A

Also called autonomic nervous system. Consist of neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

94
Q

Afferent vs efferent axons

A

Afferent-carry efferent-Cary from

Indicates weather axons are carrying information toward of from a particular point

95
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12

They each have a name and number

Some are part of CNS and others are part of PNS

96
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise from

A

Brainstem and innervate mostly the head

97
Q

Do cranial nerves only have one kind of axon

A

No

98
Q

Protective layers that make sure brain does not come into direct c bract with bone

A

Meningies

99
Q

How many meme goes are there? What are they?

A

3

Dura mater

Arachnoid membrane

Pia mater

100
Q

Outermost covering menengie

A

Dura mater (means hard mother) has leather like consistency.

Forms tough inelastic bag that surrounds BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

101
Q

Meningie beneath dura mater. Tell me about it

A

Arachnoid membrane

(Greek work from spider) resembles spider web

There is no space between dura and arachnoid

102
Q

What happens if blood vessels from dura rupture, how is it treated?

A

Blood can collect in between dura and arachnoid (this is called subdural hematoma)

Buildup of fluid in this can disrupt brain function by compressing parts of CNS

Fixed by drilling a hole in skull and draining the blood

103
Q

Buildup of fluid in subdural space

A

Subdural hematoma. Caused by rupture of dura mater

Treated by drilling a hole in skull and draining blood

104
Q

Pia mater

A

One of the menengies

Thin membrane that adhere closely to the surface of the brain
Marin many blood vessels that ultimately dive into substance of underlying brain

Separated from arachnoid by fluid filled space

105
Q

What is the pia mater separated by

A

Fluid filled space called SUBARACHNOID (filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid)

106
Q

Salty clear liquid that brain floats inside of

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

107
Q

Enter pic of menengies

A

Pic here

108
Q

Fluid filled caverns and canals inside of brain

A

Ventricular system

Contains cerebral spinal fluid

109
Q

What fluid is used in ventricular system

A

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

110
Q

What is CSF produced by

A

Choroid plexus (a special tissue in the ventricles of the cerebral hemisphere)

111
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space

A

Small openings near where cerebellum attaches to the brain stem

112
Q

What is CSF absorbed by

A

Arachnoid villi

113
Q

Hydrocyphalus

A

When CSF is backed up

Causes brain swelling

More serious in adults than babies since skull cannot expand

Causes severe headache and caused by distention of nerve endings in the menengies

Treatment consist of inserting tube to drain fluid

114
Q

Clarity

A

New method to study the brain

Sick brain in solution that repels light absorbing lipids with a water soluable gel

Reveals location of cells deep in the brain

Exposed neurons express green fluorescent protein

115
Q

Uses information about hydrogen atoms in the brain that respond to perturbations of sting magnetic field

A

MRI

116
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Uses c rays

Showed organization of white and grey matter and position of ventricles

117
Q

Pet and fmri

A

Detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain

118
Q

How does the embryo begin

A

It’s a flat disc with three distinct layers

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

119
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of many internal organs

120
Q

Mesoderm

A

Bones of skeleton and muscles

121
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system and skin

122
Q

Neural plate

A

Changes in part of ectoderm that give rise to nervous system

Early stage of humans (17 days old) that consist only a flat sheet of shells

123
Q

Formation of neural tube and neural crest

A

Begins as a then sheet of ectoderm

Forms neural groove

Walls of groove (called neural folds) come together and fuse forming the NEURAL TUBE

buts of neural ectoderm that are pinched off when tube rolls up is called the NEURAL CREST (where pns develops) (somites are mesoderm)

ENTER PIC

124
Q

When neural tube folds together, some of the ectoderm is pinched off and comes to lie lateral to neural tube..this is called

A

Neural crest

125
Q

Where are all neurons within cell body derived from

A

Neural crest

126
Q

Process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube

A

Neurulation

Happens about 22 days after conception

127
Q

Process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development

A

Differentiation

128
Q

What is the brain derived from

A

The three primary vesicles of the neural tube (the first step in differentiation of the brain happens at the ROSTAL end and develops the primary vesicles)

129
Q

Three primary vesicles

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

(Enter pic here)

130
Q

The forebrain vesicles sprout off secondary vesicles which are

A

Optic vesicle

Telencephalic vesicle

131
Q

Central structure that remains after security nasty vesicles sprout off forebrain

A

Diemcephalon

132
Q

Where do optic nerves and retinas come from

A

The optic vesicle (it folds in to form optic stalks and optic cups)

These then become the optic nerves and the retinas

133
Q

Telencephalon

A

Also called endbrain

CONSIST OF TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

134
Q

How do olfactory bulbs develop

A

Sprout off ventricles that are on ventricle surfaces of cerebral hemispheres

135
Q

Where are white and grey matter developed

A

Telencephalon

136
Q

What is key landmark in adult brain

A

Paired lateral ventricles(fluid filled space within cerebral hemispheres)

Thirds ventricle (fluid filled space at center of diencephalon)

137
Q

Corticle white matter

A

Contains all Axons that run to and from neurons in cerebral cortex

It’s continuous to the internal capsule

138
Q

Internal capsule

A

Links cortex within the brain stem, particularly the thalamus

139
Q

Why is the thalamus referred to gateway to cerebral cortex

A

Sensory pathways relays in the thalamus

Thalamus sends axons to internal capsule (internal capsule is where cross starts to happen)

140
Q

Cortical neurons

A

Received sensory information and forms perception of outside world

Commands voluntary movements

Send axons through internal capsule back to the brain stem

Communicate with basal ganglia

141
Q

Damage to basal ganglia results in

A

Disrupting the ability of voluntary movement

Corticle neurons also communicate with neurons of basal ganglia

142
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Controls autonomic (visceral) nervous system

Primitive functions-heart rate, blood flow, motivates animals for food, drink and sex drive

Controls fight or flight response

Directs bodily responses via pituitary gland

143
Q

Parts of midbrain

A

Tectum (derived from dorsal surface of midbrain vesicle)

144
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Constricts CSF (narrow channel)

Connects rostal with third ventricle of the diencephalon

Good landmarker for identifying midbrain

145
Q

Two parts of the tectum

A

Superior culliculus

Inferior colliculus

146
Q

Superior colliculus is also called..

A

Optic tectum

147
Q

Optic tectum (superior colliculus)

A

Controls eye movements

148
Q

Three important structures in the hindbrain

A

Pons
Medula oblongata
Cerebellum

149
Q

CSF tube in hindbrain becomes..

A

Fourth ventricle

150
Q

Why are the major white matter systems on each side of the medula called medullary pyramids

A

When cut in cross section, these bundles of axons appear somewhat triangular in shape

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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