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Neuroscience > eye > Flashcards

eye Flashcards

1
Q

pupil

A

opening that allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina

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2
Q

why is the pupil dark

A

there is light absorbing pigment in the retina

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3
Q

iris

A

gives eye its color. contains two muscles. one that makes pupil smaller when it contracts and the other which makes it larger

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4
Q

cornea

A

glassy transparent external surface of eye that is continuous with sclera

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5
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye which forms the tough wall of the eyeball

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6
Q

eyes orbit

A

bony socket in skull where eyeball sits

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7
Q

extraocular muscles

A

move eyeball in orbit. inserted into sclera. they are not visible because they lie behind the conjunctiva

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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

membrane that folds back from the inside of the eyelids and attaches to the sclera

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9
Q

optic nerve

A

carries axons from retina, passes through orbit and reaches the base of the brain near the pituitary gland

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10
Q

device that enables one to peer into the eye through the pupil to the retina

A

ophthalmoscope

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11
Q

optic disk

A

pale circular region where retinal vessels originate. also where optic nerve fibers exist from the retina

sensation of light cannot occur here because there are no photoreceptors

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12
Q

why can’t the sensation of light occur at the optic disc, why are we not aware of holes in our vision

A

no photoreceptors here. sansation cant exist where blood vessels are because it would cast shadows on the retina

we cant see holes in out vision because our brain fills in blind spot

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13
Q

macula

A

latin word for “spot” its in the middle of each retina for central vision.

dark colored region with yellow hue. no blood vessels here

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14
Q

fova

A

dark spot 2 mm in diameter

latin word for “pit” the retina is thinner in the fova than elsewhere

since it marks center of retina, its a convenient anatomical reference point

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15
Q

part of retina that lies closer to nose than fova is referred to as…

A

nasal

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16
Q

part of retina that lies near temple is called..

A

superior…the part below is inferior

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17
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors specialized to convert light energy into neural activity

detects differences in light

actually part of brain

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18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn)

A

first synaptic relay in the pathway that serves visual perception

group of cells of the dorsal thalamus

sends visual information to cerebral cortex where it is interpreted and remembered

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19
Q

wavelengths

A

distance between successive peaks or troughs

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20
Q

frequency

A

number of waves per second

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21
Q

amplitude

A

difference between wave trough and peak

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22
Q

what colors consist of light with longer wavelength and has less energy

A

warm colors like red and orange

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23
Q

reflection

A

light bouncing off a surface

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24
Q

absorbtion

A

transfer of light energy to a particle or surface

you can feel this when sun warms you up

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25
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another

ex-why legs look weird in pool is a result of refraction

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26
Q

light passes through are _____ than water

A

more rapidly

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27
Q

since the cornea lacks blood vessels, what nourishes it?

A

aqueous humor

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28
Q

lens

A

its transparent and changes shape enables eyes to adjust to different differences

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29
Q

zonule fibers

A

ligaments that suspend the lens. attached to the ciliary muscle

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30
Q

ciliary muscle

A

forms ring inside eye

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31
Q

vitreous humor

A

lies between the lens and the retina. serves to keep the eyeball spherical

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32
Q

the lens divides the interior of the eye into two compartments containing slightly different fluids, what are they?

A

aqueous humor-watery fluid that lies between cornea and the lens

vitreous humor-lies between the lens and the retina, it keeps the eyeball spherical

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33
Q

vitreous humor

A

fluid between the lens and retina. it keeps the eyeball spherical

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34
Q

why is cornea rather than lens most refractive area of the eye

A

light reaches eye through air and cornea is mostly made of water

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35
Q

why do we see star as point of light instead of big splotches

A

since its a great distance, the light hits our eye virtually parallel

because eye uses refraction to focus all the stars light reaching the cornea into small point on the retina

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36
Q

focal distance

A

distance from refractive surface to the point where parallel light rays converge

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37
Q

light that enters the eye perpendicular to the corneal surface passes..

A

straight to the retina

38
Q

light rays that strike the curved surface of the retina

A

bent so they converge on back of retina

39
Q

focal distance depends on..

A

curvature of the cornea-the tighter the curve, the shorter the focal distance

40
Q

diopeter

A

unit that shows reciprocal of the focal distance

41
Q

macular degeneration

A

lose central vision

42
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

degeneration of photoreceptors

43
Q

cataract

A

clouding of lens

44
Q

why is refraction of the cornea important

A

focuses light on the retina at the back of the eye

45
Q

difference between predator and prey location of eyes

A

predators have eyes in front of face while prey have them more toward side so they can see further behind

46
Q

nearsighted

A

myopia-concave lenses

when eyeball is too long, parallel rays will converge before the retina

47
Q

farsighted

A

hyperopia-corrected with convex glass

48
Q

od

A

right

49
Q

os

A

left

50
Q

-

A

nearsighted

51
Q

+

A

farsighted

52
Q

20/40

A

when second number is bigger, you are nearsighted

53
Q

40/20

A

when first number is bigger, you are farsighted

54
Q

where do rods and cones send information

A

ganglion cells

55
Q

rods and cones have proteins that do what

A

change shape

56
Q

laminar organization

A

cells are organized into layers

57
Q

what happens when light bends rod proteins

A

it sets off g protein coupled receptor (metabotropic)

charged with atp

58
Q

what happens when light hits rod

A

it depolarizes

59
Q

vision during the day depends on cones because rods are?????

A

saturated/hyperpolarized??

60
Q

why did color evolve

A

so we can see if fruit is ripe

61
Q

astigmatism

A

when eyes have irregularities such as curvature and refraction in the horizontal and vertical planes is different

corrected with an artificial lens that is curved more along one axis than others

62
Q

presbyopia

A

when lens is unable to change shape to focus

63
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

when pupils shrink when you turn light on

involves connections between retina and neurons in brain stem which control muscles that constrict pupils

increases depth of focus

64
Q

consensual

A

shining a light in one eye and both contract. if this doesnt happen its a sign of a brain stem disorder

65
Q

visual feild

A

the points where you can no longer see out of perephial vision

66
Q

upper field of vision is located on ___ of retina while lower is located ___

A

upper-bottom

bottom-up

67
Q

visual acuity

A

ability of eye to distinguish two points near each other

depends on spacing of photoreceptors in retina and precision of eyes refraction

68
Q

visual angle

A

distance across retina can be described in terms of degrees

69
Q

most direct pathway for visual information to exit the eye

A

photoreceptors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

70
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light and influence membrane potential of bipolar cells connected to them

71
Q

ganglion cells

A

fire action potentials in response to light and impulses travel down axon nerve to rest of brain

72
Q

horizontal cells

A

receive input from photoreceptors

73
Q

amacrine cells

A

receive input from bipolar cells

74
Q

only light sensitive cells in retina

A

rods and cones (with exception with some ganglion cells)

75
Q

only source of output cells from retina

A

ganglion cells

76
Q

only retinal neurons that fire action potentials

A

ganglion cells

77
Q

Why is our vision blurry underwater

A

Refractive power depends on the slowing of light at the air-cornea interface. If we replace air with a medium that passes light at about the same speed as the internal structure of the eye, the refractive power of the cornea would be eliminated

78
Q

How does lens accommodate to focus on distant point

A

Ciliary muscles relax, stretching the zondle fibers and flattening the lens

79
Q

How does lens accommodate to focus on neat objects

A

Since near objects require greater refraction provided with a more spherical lens, it is achieved by contracting the ciliary muscles so there is less tension in the zondle fibers

80
Q

Where are most of cones located?

A

In fova

Not many cones in retinal periphery

81
Q

Where are rods located

A

In periphery retina. There are no rods in central fova

82
Q

Where do we have most spatial sensitivity

A

Central retina

83
Q

how many photopigments/cones do we have

A

3

84
Q

what kinds of cones do we have

A

L (warm)
M (mid green/warmish)
S (cool)

85
Q

fovia take up___% of processing in occipital lobe

A

50% even if though it takes up 10% of visual field

86
Q

retinotopy

A

map of retina

87
Q

tonotopy

A

mapping of sounds/frequencies

88
Q

ganglion cells are looking for…

A

specific stimulus in right place. theyre all different. certain circles surrounded by light/dark

89
Q

what gives us the ability to detect lines?

A

what the pattern of LGN cells are activated

90
Q

cells in v1 detect..

A 
dots
colors
edges
lines
orientation
91
Q

face recognitions is in..

A

in v1

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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