Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience > eye > Flashcards

eye Flashcards

1
Q

pupil

A

opening that allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is the pupil dark

A

there is light absorbing pigment in the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

iris

A

gives eye its color. contains two muscles. one that makes pupil smaller when it contracts and the other which makes it larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cornea

A

glassy transparent external surface of eye that is continuous with sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye which forms the tough wall of the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

eyes orbit

A

bony socket in skull where eyeball sits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extraocular muscles

A

move eyeball in orbit. inserted into sclera. they are not visible because they lie behind the conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

conjunctiva

A

membrane that folds back from the inside of the eyelids and attaches to the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

optic nerve

A

carries axons from retina, passes through orbit and reaches the base of the brain near the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

device that enables one to peer into the eye through the pupil to the retina

A

ophthalmoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

optic disk

A

pale circular region where retinal vessels originate. also where optic nerve fibers exist from the retina

sensation of light cannot occur here because there are no photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why can’t the sensation of light occur at the optic disc, why are we not aware of holes in our vision

A

no photoreceptors here. sansation cant exist where blood vessels are because it would cast shadows on the retina

we cant see holes in out vision because our brain fills in blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macula

A

latin word for “spot” its in the middle of each retina for central vision.

dark colored region with yellow hue. no blood vessels here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fova

A

dark spot 2 mm in diameter

latin word for “pit” the retina is thinner in the fova than elsewhere

since it marks center of retina, its a convenient anatomical reference point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

part of retina that lies closer to nose than fova is referred to as…

A

nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

part of retina that lies near temple is called..

A

superior…the part below is inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors specialized to convert light energy into neural activity

detects differences in light

actually part of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn)

A

first synaptic relay in the pathway that serves visual perception

group of cells of the dorsal thalamus

sends visual information to cerebral cortex where it is interpreted and remembered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

wavelengths

A

distance between successive peaks or troughs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

frequency

A

number of waves per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amplitude

A

difference between wave trough and peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what colors consist of light with longer wavelength and has less energy

A

warm colors like red and orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reflection

A

light bouncing off a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

absorbtion

A

transfer of light energy to a particle or surface

you can feel this when sun warms you up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
refraction
the bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another ex-why legs look weird in pool is a result of refraction
26
light passes through are _____ than water
more rapidly
27
since the cornea lacks blood vessels, what nourishes it?
aqueous humor
28
lens
its transparent and changes shape enables eyes to adjust to different differences
29
zonule fibers
ligaments that suspend the lens. attached to the ciliary muscle
30
ciliary muscle
forms ring inside eye
31
vitreous humor
lies between the lens and the retina. serves to keep the eyeball spherical
32
the lens divides the interior of the eye into two compartments containing slightly different fluids, what are they?
aqueous humor-watery fluid that lies between cornea and the lens vitreous humor-lies between the lens and the retina, it keeps the eyeball spherical
33
vitreous humor
fluid between the lens and retina. it keeps the eyeball spherical
34
why is cornea rather than lens most refractive area of the eye
light reaches eye through air and cornea is mostly made of water
35
why do we see star as point of light instead of big splotches
since its a great distance, the light hits our eye virtually parallel because eye uses refraction to focus all the stars light reaching the cornea into small point on the retina
36
focal distance
distance from refractive surface to the point where parallel light rays converge
37
light that enters the eye perpendicular to the corneal surface passes..
straight to the retina
38
light rays that strike the curved surface of the retina
bent so they converge on back of retina
39
focal distance depends on..
curvature of the cornea-the tighter the curve, the shorter the focal distance
40
diopeter
unit that shows reciprocal of the focal distance
41
macular degeneration
lose central vision
42
retinitis pigmentosa
degeneration of photoreceptors
43
cataract
clouding of lens
44
why is refraction of the cornea important
focuses light on the retina at the back of the eye
45
difference between predator and prey location of eyes
predators have eyes in front of face while prey have them more toward side so they can see further behind
46
nearsighted
myopia-concave lenses when eyeball is too long, parallel rays will converge before the retina
47
farsighted
hyperopia-corrected with convex glass
48
od
right
49
os
left
50
-
nearsighted
51
+
farsighted
52
20/40
when second number is bigger, you are nearsighted
53
40/20
when first number is bigger, you are farsighted
54
where do rods and cones send information
ganglion cells
55
rods and cones have proteins that do what
change shape
56
laminar organization
cells are organized into layers
57
what happens when light bends rod proteins
it sets off g protein coupled receptor (metabotropic) charged with atp
58
what happens when light hits rod
it depolarizes
59
vision during the day depends on cones because rods are?????
saturated/hyperpolarized??
60
why did color evolve
so we can see if fruit is ripe
61
astigmatism
when eyes have irregularities such as curvature and refraction in the horizontal and vertical planes is different corrected with an artificial lens that is curved more along one axis than others
62
presbyopia
when lens is unable to change shape to focus
63
pupillary light reflex
when pupils shrink when you turn light on involves connections between retina and neurons in brain stem which control muscles that constrict pupils increases depth of focus
64
consensual
shining a light in one eye and both contract. if this doesnt happen its a sign of a brain stem disorder
65
visual feild
the points where you can no longer see out of perephial vision
66
upper field of vision is located on ___ of retina while lower is located ___
upper-bottom | bottom-up
67
visual acuity
ability of eye to distinguish two points near each other depends on spacing of photoreceptors in retina and precision of eyes refraction
68
visual angle
distance across retina can be described in terms of degrees
69
most direct pathway for visual information to exit the eye
photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells
70
photoreceptors
respond to light and influence membrane potential of bipolar cells connected to them
71
ganglion cells
fire action potentials in response to light and impulses travel down axon nerve to rest of brain
72
horizontal cells
receive input from photoreceptors
73
amacrine cells
receive input from bipolar cells
74
only light sensitive cells in retina
rods and cones (with exception with some ganglion cells)
75
only source of output cells from retina
ganglion cells
76
only retinal neurons that fire action potentials
ganglion cells
77
Why is our vision blurry underwater
Refractive power depends on the slowing of light at the air-cornea interface. If we replace air with a medium that passes light at about the same speed as the internal structure of the eye, the refractive power of the cornea would be eliminated
78
How does lens accommodate to focus on distant point
Ciliary muscles relax, stretching the zondle fibers and flattening the lens
79
How does lens accommodate to focus on neat objects
Since near objects require greater refraction provided with a more spherical lens, it is achieved by contracting the ciliary muscles so there is less tension in the zondle fibers
80
Where are most of cones located?
In fova Not many cones in retinal periphery
81
Where are rods located
In periphery retina. There are no rods in central fova
82
Where do we have most spatial sensitivity
Central retina
83
how many photopigments/cones do we have
3
84
what kinds of cones do we have
L (warm) M (mid green/warmish) S (cool)
85
fovia take up___% of processing in occipital lobe
50% even if though it takes up 10% of visual field
86
retinotopy
map of retina
87
tonotopy
mapping of sounds/frequencies
88
ganglion cells are looking for...
specific stimulus in right place. theyre all different. certain circles surrounded by light/dark
89
what gives us the ability to detect lines?
what the pattern of LGN cells are activated
90
cells in v1 detect..
``` dots colors edges lines orientation ```
91
face recognitions is in..
in v1

Neuroscience (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions